The Cost of Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Greece: A Retrospective Analysis of 10-Year Patient Level Data “The HERCULES Study”

Table 5

Average annual costs by patient subgroups.

	Mean annual cost per patient	SD	value
HbA1c
HbA1c > 7	7,783.3	4,549.0	0.017
HbA1c ≤ 7	6,366.6	3,948.7
Gender
Women	6,470.5	2,677.0	0.037
Men	7,747.2	5,428.5
BMI
Normal/thin (<25)	5,837.7	3,911.9	<0.01; (versus obese)
Overweight (25–30)	6,903.8	4,491.2	<0.01; (versus obese)
Obese (>30)	7,932.8	4,183.6	—
Education
Primary school	8,104.2	4,649.9	—
Secondary school	5,640.2	2,575.1	<0.01; (versus primary)
High school	6,817.1	3,885.2	<0.01; (versus primary)
University	6,405.9	4,731.1	<0.01; (versus primary)
Comorbidities
Dyslipidemia	7,889.6	4,290.1	<0.01; (versus CAD)
Hypertension	7,847.0	4,257.3	<0.01; (versus CAD)
Coronary artery	11,662.4	5,592.9	—
Stroke	11,366.4	8,389.2	<0.01; (versus CAD)
Other	7,699.8	4,349.3	<0.01; (versus CAD)

BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.