Osteoprotegerin in Cardiometabolic Disorders

Table 1

Osteoprotegerin expression and regulation in different tissues.

Cell type	OPG expression	Cytokine	Reference
Osteoblasts	Upregulation	IL-1α, IL-6, IL-11, IL-18, TNF-α, bone morphogenic protein type 2 (BMP-2), calcium, vitamin D3, estrogens, angiotensin II and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TNF-β, IL-1β, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), 17-estradiol and Wnt signalling pathway	[5, 119]
	Dowregulation	Parathyroid hormone (PTH), glucocorticoids, prostaglandin E2, calcium, immunosuppressant drugs, peroxisome proliferators activated receptor (PPAR-γ), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)	[5, 119]
Endothelial Cells	Upregulation	IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α	[16]
Smooth Muscle Cells	Upregulation; Dowregulation	IL-1β, TNF-α, estrogen and PDGF; TGF-β and BMP-2	[14]
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells	Upregulation; Dowregulation	IL-18, TNF-α, BMP-4 and TGF-β; IGF-1, IL-6, IL-11, IL-17 and IL-1 β	[5, 119]
Dendritic Cells	Upregulation	TNF-α, RANKL, IL-1 β and CD40 ligand	[5, 119]
Megakariocytes			[17]
Adipose Tissue	Upregulation; Dowregulation	IL1-β and TNF-α; Cortisol or troglitazone	[19, 76–78]
Other tissues: heart, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, thymus, lymph nodes, B-lymphocytes, articular chondrocytes, trachea and testis.; Very low levels in brain, placenta and skeletal muscle			[5, 8, 13]