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Study | Patients | PEI prevalence | Factors associated with PEI | Strengths | Limitations |
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Hardt et al. 2002 [9] (cross sectional-study) | 323 | Elastase <200 = 51% Elastase <100 = 28.5% | (i) Association with diabetes duration, early onset, and insulin usage (ii) No association with age and sex | (i) Large cohort of patients (ii) Inclusion and exclusion criteria well designed | (i) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients (ii) Risk factors subgroup analysis not performed in DI and DII patients |
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Larger et al. 2012 [10] (cross-sectional study) | 195 | Elastase <200 = 34% Elastase <100 = 19% | (i) Association with diabetes duration (ii) No association with insulin dose, elevated BMI, age, and early age at onset | (i) Large cohort of patients (ii) Risk factors subgroup analysis performed | (i) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients (ii) Patients with type III diabetes included (iii) Inclusion and exclusion criteria not well specified |
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Icks et al. 2001 [11] (cross-sectional study) | 112 | Elastase < 200 = 45.5% Elastase < 100 = 25.9% | (i) Association with male sex and age (ii) No association with diabetes duration, elevated BMI, early age at diabetes onset, and smoke or alcohol usage | (i) Specifically performed on type I diabetes patients (ii) Case-control study (iii) Risk factors specifically and extensively evaluated | (i) Relatively small number of patients (ii) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients |
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Cavalot et al. 2006 [12] (cross-sectional study) | 66 | Elastase < 200 = 25.8% Elastase < 100 = 10.6% | (i) No association with age, diabetes duration, elevated HbA1c, early age at diabetes onset, and elevated BMI | (i) Specifically performed on type I diabetes patients (ii) Extensive analysis on PEI-related clinical symptoms | (i) Small number of patients (ii) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients |
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Vujasinovic et al. 2013 [13] (cross-sectional study) | 50 | Elastase < 200 = 6% Elastase < 100 = 2% | (i) No association with diabetes duration | (i) Extensive analysis on PEI-related clinical symptoms (ii) MRI with MRCP performed in all diabetic patients with PEI | (i) Small number of patients (ii) Enrollment criteria not well-defined (iii) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients defined (iv) Poor risk factors analysis |
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Hahn et al. 2008 [14] (cross-sectional study) | 33 | Elastase < 200 = 27.3% | (i) No association with sex, age, diabetes duration, elevated HbA1c, early age at diabetes onset, and elevated BMI | (i) All patients underwent both SCT and indirect tests to assess PEI | (i) Very small number of patients (ii) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients defined |
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Hardt et al. 2000 [15] (cross-sectional study) | 31 | Elastase < 200 = 56.7% Elastase < 100 = 30% | (i) Association with GI symptoms (ii) No association with diabetes duration and alcohol usage | ā | (i) Very small number of patients (ii) Enrollment criteria not well-defined (iii) Cross-sectional study without prospective evaluation of patients defined (iv) No subgroup analysis performed for DI and DII |
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