Evidence for a Specific Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Observational Retrospective Echocardiographic Study in 656 Asymptomatic Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Table 1
Characteristics of the total cohort of type 2 diabetic patients, of those without hypertension and coronary artery disease, and of those with hypertension or coronary artery disease.
Total
Without hypertension and CAD
With hypertension or CAD
= 482
Age, years
59.7 ± 8.7
56.7 ± 8.6
60.6 ± 8.6
<0.0001
Gender (male/female)
359/297
95/62
257/225
NS
Diabetes duration, years
13.7 ± 7.7
11.9 ± 7.2
14.2 ± 7.8
0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2
30.3 ± 6.1
28.5 ± 5.5
31.0 ± 6.2
<0.0001
Body weight (kg)
82.6 ± 16.8
78.0 ± 15.9
84.1 ± 16.8
<0.0001
HbA1c, %
8.7 ± 2.1
8.7 ± 2.0
8.7 ± 2.2
NS
Retinopathy (%)
242 (38.2)
42 (27.1)
192 (41.6)
0.001
Nephropathy (%)
256 (39.2)
38 (24.2)
210 (43.8)
<0.0001
Urinary albumin excretion rate, mg/day
161 ± 505
55 ± 205
194 ± 567
<0.05
Creatinine clearance (mL/min)
83 ± 24
88 ± 19
81 ± 25
<0.01
Peripheral occlusive arterial disease (%)
64 (10.1)
10 (6.5)
53 (11.4)
0.09
Peripheral neuropathy (%)
292 (45.0)
65 (41.4)
213 (44.8)
NS
Silent myocardial ischemia (%)
206 (31.4)
26 (16.6)
163 (33.8)
<0.0001
CAD (%)
71 (11.1)
/
71 (14.7)
/
Hypertension (%)
483 (73.6)
/
467 (96.9)
/
Antihypertensive therapy (%)
437 (67.8)
/
423 (89.6)
/
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
135 ± 19
125 ± 11
138 ± 20
<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
75 ± 11
71 ± 9
76 ± 11
<0.0001
Dyslipidemia (%)
445 (69.9)
97 (64.2)
334 (71.2)
0.127
Lipid-lowering treatment, %
285 (44.4)
48 (31.2)
228 (48.3)
<0.0001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
5.1 ± 1.2
5.2 ± 1.0
5.0 ± 1.2
<0.05
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L
1.2 ± 0.5
1.2 ± 0.4
1.2 ± 0.5
NS
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L
3.0 ± 1.0
3.2 ± 0.9
2.9 ± 1.0
<0.05
Triglycerides, mmol/L
1.9 ± 1.2
1.9 ± 1.1
1.9 ± 1.2
NS
Smoking (%)
142 (21.8)
37 (23.7)
104 (21.7)
NS
Familial history of premature CAD (%)
74 (11.5)
16 (10.5)
54 (11.4)
NS
17 patients had silent myocardial ischemia but did not undergo a coronary angiography. CAD: coronary artery disease; NS: nonsignificant (). Data are mean ± SD or (%).
