Adrenergic System Activation Mediates Changes in Cardiovascular and Psychomotoric Reactions in Young Individuals after Red Bull^© Energy Drink Consumption

Table 2

Scores achieved on tested cognitive tasks.

Cognitive function	Task	Before Red Bull	After Red Bull	value
Immediate memory	AVLT- (1-) first trial	8,17 ± 1,77	7,79 ± 2,04	0,426
	ADST-forward	8,03 ± 0,82	8,48 ± 0,87^*	0,029
Delayed recall	AVLT-delayed recall	12,58 ± 2,18	13,00 ± 1,93	0,231
Working memory	ADST-backwards	6,45 ± 0,83	6,86 ± 1,03^*	0,048
Delayed verbal memory	AVLT-late recall	12,55 ± 1,97	12,03 ± 3,15	0,459
Verbal fluency	Semantic task	23,28 ± 3,89	26,10 ± 4,94^*	<0,001
	Ideational task	15,07 ± 4,00	18,66 ± 4,43^*	<0,001
	Phonemic task	30,70 ± 7,31	41,76 ± 9,71^*	<0,001
Attention	d2 test TN-E	486,83 ± 69,19	592,45 ± 60,31^*	<0,001
	d2 test MC	267,90 ± 27,90	283,21 ± 21,89^*	<0,001

Results are expressed as mean ± SD.
AVLT: auditory verbal learning test; ADST: auditory digit span task; TN-E: quantitative measure defined by total number of processed data minus number of total errors; MC: mean concentration.
^* (statistically significant values are in bold) before Red Bull versus after Red Bull ().