Disproportionately Elevated Proinsulin Levels as an Early Indicator of β-Cell Dysfunction in Nondiabetic Offspring of Chinese Diabetic Patients
Table 1
The basic clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study groups.
Non-FDRs NGT
FDRs
T2DM
value
NGT
Pre-DM
Male/female ()
54/60
70/104
23/32
38/33
0.245
Age (years)
44.2 ± 8.2
43.5 ± 8.2
47.8 ± 7.0
49.2 ± 9.2
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
24.1 ± 3.0
24.5 ± 3.2
25.7 ± 3.1
26.4 ± 2.5
<0.001
WC (cm)
80.7 ± 10.6
83.7 ± 9.6
87.6 ± 9.4
91.8 ± 5.9
<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio
0.83 ± 0.07
0.84 ± 0.07
0.86 ± 0.06
0.87 ± 0.06
0.002
SBP (mmHg)
116.6 ± 13.4
114.1 ± 13.7
120.8 ± 18.1
126.7 ± 11.9
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
77.0 ± 8.8
74.9 ± 8.6
76.7 ± 8.7
77.7 ± 7.3
0.006
FBG (mmol/L)
4.9 ± 0.5
4.9 ± 0.4
5.6 ± 0.6
8.6 ± 2.6
<0.001
2 h BG (mmol/L)
5.4 ± 1.2
5.7 ± 1.1
8.7 ± 1.0
15.0 ± 4.1
<0.001
TC (mmol/L)
4.8 ± 0.9
4.8 ± 0.8
4.7 ± 1.3
4.1 ± 2.0
0.010
TG (mmol/L)
1.6 ± 1.3
1.6 ± 1.6
2.5 ± 2.3
3.7 ± 2.0
<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.3 ± 0.4
1.4 ± 0.3
1.2 ± 0.4
1.1 ± 0.2
<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.8 ± 0.7
2.9 ± 0.7
3.0 ± 0.7
3.1 ± 1.0
0.093
ALT (IU/L)
21.2 ± 13.9
20.8 ± 16.6
21.5 ± 12.7
32.3 ± 23.9
0.015
AST (IU/L)
22.0 ± 8.3
21.8 ± 8.7
23.6 ± 9.0
28.7 ± 12.5
0.004
Uric acid (μmol/L)
297 ± 96
305 ± 94
307 ± 87
330 ± 97
0.521
Creatine (μmol/L)
62.6 ± 14.4
61.2 ± 12.1
60.3 ± 14.3
62.8 ± 17.1
0.725
Hypertension (%)
18.5
19.6
30.6
56.5
<0.001
Dyslipidemia (%)
28.3
29.5
44.9
78.7
<0.001
Overweight or obesity (%)
38.6
38.9
58.2
66.2
<0.001
MetS (%)
5.1
7.8
50.9
71.7
<0.001
Notes: data are means ± SD or frequency distribution. -values were obtained from ANOVA or tests for overall comparison across the four groups. , , compared with NGT-non-FDRs , , compared with NGT-FDRs , , compared with pre-DM-FDRs Abbreviations: NGT-non-FDRs, normal glucose tolerance subjects with no family history of diabetes; NGT-FDRs, the first-degree relatives of T2DM with normal glucose tolerance; pre-DM-FDRs, first-degree relatives of T2DM with pre-diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference FBG: fasting blood glucose; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase: MetS, metabolic syndrome.
