Disproportionately Elevated Proinsulin Levels as an Early Indicator of β-Cell Dysfunction in Nondiabetic Offspring of Chinese Diabetic Patients

Table 3

Comparisons of β-cell function after adjusting for HOMA-IR.

	Non-FDRs; NGT	FDRs		T2DM	value
		NGT	Pre-DM
Ln HOMA-B	4.56 ± 0.05	4.59 ± 0.04	4.25 ± 0.07	2.94 ± 0.06	<0.001
Ln fasting PI/SI	2.21 ± 0.06	2.62 ± 0.04	2.91 ± 0.08	3.76 ± 0.07	<0.001

Notes: data are means ± SEM with adjustment for age, sex, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR.
Ln: natural log-transformed.
and , compared with NGT-non-FDRs using Bonferroni correction.
and  , compared with NGT-FDRs.
and , compared with pre-DM-FDRs.
NGT-non-FDRs, normal glucose tolerance subjects with no family history of diabetes; NGT-FDRs, the first-degree relatives of T2DM with normal glucose tolerance; pre-DM-FDRs, first-degree relatives of T2DM with prediabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; PI/SI, proinsulin-to-specific insulin ratio.