Insulin-Sensitizers, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Gynaecological Cancer Risk

Figure 2

Insulin receptor and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate formation. The activation of PI3K by insulin, G-protein coupled receptor, or growth factors generates different 3′ phosphorylated inositol products which in turn recruit effector molecules regulating many cellular functions involved in cells survival and metabolism. GPCR: G-protein coupled receptor; IR: insulin receptor; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PI(4,5)P2: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PI(3,4,5)P3: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; PI(3,4)P2: phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate; PLCγ: Phospholipase C ; IP3: inositol trisphosphate; DAG: diacylglycerol; PKC: protein kinase C; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; Akt: protein kinase B; RAC1: Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1; PDK1: phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; BAD: Bcl2-Antagonist of cell Death.