Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastases in Thyroid Cancer: Characteristics, Predictive Factors, and Prognosis

Table 4

The information about the studies included in the systemic review.

Author	Country	Year	Sample	Type	Treatment	Approach of MLND	CLND (%)	MLND (%)	LLND (%)	Surgery (IN:RE)	Age (y)	Gender (F:M)	Incidence (%)	Predictive factors
Moritani [7]	Japan	2016	488	PTC	—	Transcervical (76%) + sternotomy (24%)	100	15.40	50.80	488 : 0	51	374 : 114	15.40	Age (>45), number of central node metastases
Woo et al. [6]	Korea	2016	217	PTC	TT	Transcervical	100	100	17.10	194 : 23	48.7	181 : 36	15.7	Revision surgery, pretracheal pN(+), and multiple lateral metastases
Machens and Dralle [8]	Germany	2016	600	MTC	TT	Sternotomy	92	14	83	322 : 278	52.8	233 : 47	12	—
Chang et al. [9]	Korea	2015	5556	PTC	TT	Not shown	100	0.92	15.60	5556 : 0	46.2	4385 : 1171	0.7	Right para-oesophageal lymph node metastasis
Liu et al. [10]	China	2013	119	PTC	TT lobectomy	Transcervical (71.4%) + sternotomy (26.1%)	100	100	86.60	75 : 44	—	69 : 50	—	Bilateral metastasis and distant metastasis
Machens and Dralle [11]	Germany	2012	972	PTC	TT	Sternotomy	100	4	69	282 : 690	43	661 : 311	2	Distant metastasis
Mehrota et al. [12]	India	2011	71	MTC	TT + nTT	Sternotomy	68	7.20	62.30	62 : 9	39.9	44 : 27	7.2	—
Kikumori and Imai [13]	Japan	2011	184	PTC	TT	Sternotomy (17.9%) + transcervical (82.1%)	100	100	100	184 : 0	44.2	—	27	—
Choi et al. [14]	Korea	2011	195	PTC	TT + nTT + lobectomy	Transcervical	100	100	7.70	195 : 0	47.7	165 : 30	4.6	Tumor size (1.5 cm), lateral metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion
Machens and Dralle [15]	Germany	2009	392	PTC	TT + nTT + lobectomy	Sternotomy	91.3	7.40	90.30	202 : 190	39.6	241 : 151	2.7	Age, poor differentiation, ETE, bilateral metastasis, number of lymph nodes, and distant metastasis
Ducic and Oxford [16]	USA	2009	31	Thyroid carcinoma	TT	Transcervical	100	100	—	31 : 0	53.4	21 : 10	—	ETE, cervical metastasis
Bümming et al. [17]	Sweden	2008	20	MTC	TT	Sternotomy	100	15	100	20 : 0	47.5	15 : 5	15	—
Machens et al. [18]	Germany	2004	83	MTC	TT	Sternotomy	100	100%	99	25 : 58	44.7	48 : 35	—	T stage, ETE, bilateral metastasis, distant metastasis, calcitonin level, reoperation
Khoo and Freeman [19]	Canada	2002	30	PTC	TT	Transcervical	100	100%	93.30	30 : 0	42	24 : 6	—	—
Machens et al. [20]	Germany	2002	296	PTC (45.3%) MTC (54.7%)	TT	Sternotomy	100	PTC 8.2; MTC 25.3	PTC 35.8; MTC 77.2	100 : 196	—	—	PTC 2.2; MTC 16.8	Pathology, reoperation, and >35 mm
Gimm et al. [21]	Germany	1998	64	MTC	TT	Transcervical	100	79.70	90.60	27 : 37	49.6	40 : 24	26.60	—
Sugenoya et al. [22]	Japan	1993	21	DTC	TT	Partial sternotomy	100	100	100	21 : 0	52.4	10 : 11	48.1	Tumor size and cervical metastases
Buhr et al. [23]	Germany	1993	23	MTC	TT	Sternotomy (8.7%) + transcervical (91.3%)	100	100	100	0 : 23	43	11 : 12	21.70	T stage and bilateral metastasis
Marchegiani et al. [24]	Italian	1985	322	Thyroid carcinoma	TT	Transcervical	100	10.20	40.70	322 : 0	—	—	10.20	—
Block et al. [25]	America	1972	284	Thyroid carcinoma	—	Transcervical	100	8.80	100	17 : 8	—	—	8.80	—

CLND: central lymph node dissection; LLND: lateral lymph node dissection; MLND: mediastinal lymph node dissection; MLNM: mediastinal lymph node dissection; ETE: extrathyroidal extension; TT: total thyroidectomy; nTT: near total thyroidectomy.