Psychometric Properties of Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy in Thai Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Multicenter Study

Table 6

Crude odds ratios and (95% confidence intervals) from ordinal logistic regression analysis of patient characteristic for each DMSES subscales.

Effect	ORDiet	ORMonitor	ORPhysical	ORRegimen
Province (ref: Bangkok)
Khon Kaen	0.67 (0.47–0.96)	0.99 (0.68–1.43)	1.36 (0.91–2.03)	0.31 (0.18–0.52)
Hospital size (ref: big hospital)
Small hospital	0.95 (0.71–1.27)	0.97 (0.72–1.31)	0.92 (0.68–1.29)	0.47 (0.28–0.79)
Sex (ref: male)
Female	1.16 (1.17–2.22)	0.95 (0.68–1.32)	1.01 (0.71–1.43)	1.73 (1.03–2.91)
Marital status (ref: single)
Married	0.71 (0.41–1.23)	1.11 (0.64–1.93)	0.61 (0.34–1.09)	1.07 (0.45–2.58)
WDS	1.08 (0.60–1.95)	1.09 (0.60–1.96)	0.59 (0.31–1.11)	1.70 (0.62–4.61)
Education (ref: no formal education)
Primary	0.36 (0.20–0.65)	0.84 (0.46–1.54)	1.32 (0.70–2.50)	0.39 (0.09–1.69)
Secondary	0.29 (0.15–0.55)	1.04 (0.54–2.00)	1.27 (0.63–2.55)	0.20 (0.04–0.92)
Bach+	0.30 (0.15–0.59)	1.09 (0.56–2.14)	2.00 (0.98–4.08)	0.27 (0.06–1.28)
Religion (ref: Buddhism)
Non-Buddhism	1.02 (0.73–1.42)	1.04 (0.73–1.47)	0.86 (0.59–1.26)	0.64 (0.37–1.13)
Income (ref: <5K)
5–9.99K	0.85 (0.55–1.32)	1.12 (0.71–1.77)	1.23 (0.75–2.00)	0.44 (0.20–0.96)
10–14.99K	0.75 (0.48–1.18)	1.19 (0.74–1.92)	1.43 (0.85–2.38)	0.43 (0.19–0.97)
15–24.99K	0.91 (0.58–1.43)	1.37 (0.87–2.17)	1.58 (0.96–2.59)	0.50 (0.22–1.09)
25+K	0.59 (0.38–0.90)	1.28 (0.82–2.01)	1.27 (0.78–2.06)	0.35 (0.17–0.72)
BMI (ref: healthy)
<18.5	1.30 (0.55–3.09)	2.56 (1.06–6.18)	0.63 (0.23–1.70)	0.89 (0.20–3.86)
25–29.9	0.63 (0.45–0.90)	0.77 (0.53–1.10)	0.82 (0.56–1.19)	1.01 (0.55–1.84)
30+	0.68 (0.47–0.98)	0.70 (0.48–1.02)	0.69 90.46–1.04)	1.01 (0.53–1.89)
Family history of DM (ref: no)
Yes	0.74 (0.55–0.99)	0.86 (0.64–1.16)	1.09 (0.79–1.50)	0.78 (0.47–1.29)
DM treatment (ref: diet and exercise)
OHA	0.39 (0.13–1.17)	0.24 (0.08–0.74)	0.62 (0.19–1.96)	0.21 (0.01–3.98)
Ins	0.11 (0.03–0.37)	0.10 (0.03–0.33)	0.24 (0.07–0.82)	0.16 (0.01–3.23)
OHA + Ins	0.11 (0.03–0.34)	0.08 (0.02–0.27)	0.23 (0.07–0.76)	0.18 (0.01–3.46)
Smoking (ref: no)
Previous	0.64 (0.41–0.99)	0.92 (0.59–1.45)	0.95 (0.58–1.57)	0.88 (0.41–1.89)
Current	1.41 (0.65–3.02)	2.26 (1.01–5.04)	0.91 (0.36–2.25)	0.26 (0.10–0.69)
Alcohol (ref: no)
Previous	0.59 (0.38–0.91)	0.96 (0.62–1.51)	0.95 (0.58–1.54)	0.44 (0.23–0.84)
Current	0.63 (0.34–1.18)	1.49 (0.77–2.87)	0.90 (0.46–1.79)	0.50 (0.20–1.23)
Comorbid (ref: no)
Yes	1.07 (0.58–1.96)	0.94 (0.50–1.74)	0.81 (0.41–1.58)	2.09 (0.90–4.89)
Age (ref: ≤10)
>10 years	1.31 (1.15–1.50)	1.06 (0.92–1.21)	0.90 (0.78–1.04)	1.85 (1.46–2.34)
Duration of DM (ref: <5 years)
≥5 years	1.25 (0.98–1.52)	1.02 (0.89–1.23)	0.87 (0.68–1.12)	1.47 (1.18–1.86)

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