The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System

Table 2

Suggested dose-response relationship of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with musculoskeletal and cardiovascular disease.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration	Musculoskeletal system	Cardiovascular system
<12.5 nmol/L	Rickets ↑↑, osteomalacia ↑↑; Elderly people: falls ↑↑, fractures ↑↑	CVD events ↑ (?)
12.5–24.99 nmol/L	Rickets ↑, osteomalacia ↑; Elderly people: falls ↑↑, fractures ↑↑	CVD events ↑ (?)
25.0–49.99 nmol/L	Elderly people: falls ↑, fractures ↑	CVD surrogate parameters probably adversely affected
50.0–100.0 nmol/L	Adequate muscle and bone function	Adequate cardiovascular function
>100 nmol/L	Elderly people: falls ↑, fractures ↑	CVD events ↑ (?)

CVD: cardiovascular disease events; (?): probably; ↑: elevated; ↑↑: markedly elevated.