Endocrine Gland-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Prokineticin-1 in Cancer Development and Tumor Angiogenesis

Table 1

Most recent papers reporting EG-VEGF involvement in human reproduction pathology and malignancies where EG-VEGF’s role is less elucidated.

Authors	Year	Pathology	Brief overview of EG-VEGF role	Biomarker	Ref.
Wang et al.	2016	Implantation, trophoblast invasion, and ciliogenesis	Interrelation between EG-VEGF, ERK1/2 activation,; and intraflagellar transporter required for ciliogenesis IFT88	No	[111]
Morales et al.	2016	Breast cancer	EG-VEGF heterogeneity expression with no impact; on diagnosis and prognosis in breast cancer	No	[113]
Jayasena et al.	2016	Miscarriage	Serum level of EG-VEGF failed to be associated; with miscarriage	Not validated as serum biomarker	[112]
Li et al.	2010	Multiple myeloma	Multiple signaling pathway activation, Mcl1 upregulation, proliferation, and survival of multiple myeloma cells	No	[114]
Nakazawa et al.	2015	Sporadic colorectal cancer	Significantly higher in cases with serosal invasion, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, lymph node metastasis, liver metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, and higher stage disease	Potential biomarker for worse prognosis, invasion, and metastasis	[115]
Li et al.	2006	Human hepatocellular; carcinoma	Portal vein tumor thrombus formation promoted by angiogenesis via EG-VEGF	No	[116]