Poor Sleep Quality Is Associated with Dawn Phenomenon and Impaired Circadian Clock Gene Expression in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 2

Transcript levels of the circadian clock genes in peripheral leucocytes of subjects with diabetes and normal controls. Peripheral leucocytes were obtained from 28 healthy controls, 37 diabetes subjects with poor sleep quality, and 44 diabetes subjects with good sleep quality at 09:00 hours. Transcript levels of the circadian clock genes were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The mean value of the healthy control was set to 1 for each gene. , . The errors bars represented SD.