Latent Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue

Figure 2

The inflammatory signaling with a focus on IKK and its interplay with insulin signaling. The red line symbolizes negative feedback. DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; EPR stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1α; IRE-1α: inositol-requiring enzyme 1α; IκB: inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor κB; IKK: IκB kinase; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; mTORC2: mechanistic target of rapamycin; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; PI-3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PDK-1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TLRs: toll-like receptors. According to Oeckinghaus et al. [55], with changes.