Higher Ratio of Abdominal Subcutaneous to Visceral Adipose Tissue Related with Preservation of Islet β-Cell Function in Healthy Individuals
Table 1
The comparison of characteristics among the individuals in healthy, metabolic dysfunction (MD), and hyperglycemia group.
Healthy group ()
MD group ()
Hyperglycemia group ()
value
Demographics
Patients (n)
Male
68
98
58
Female
120
141
67
Age (years)
50.4 ± 6.5
50.8 ± 6.6
51.6 ± 7.1
0.352
Weight (kg)
56.6 ± 8.4
64.4 ± 10.2
64.5 ± 10.2
<0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)
21.7 ± 2.2
24.3 ± 2.8
24.5 ± 3.0
<0.0001
FMI (kg/m2)
5.8 (4.6–6.7)
7.1 (5.8–8.7)
6.9 (5.5–8.8)
<0.0001
FFMI (kg/m2)
15.4 (14.8–17.4)
16.4 (15.6–18.9)
16.7 (15.7–18.8)
<0.0001
Metabolic traits
WC (cm)
74.3 ± 6.1
83.0 ± 8.0
83.4 ± 8.0
<0.0001
SBP (mm Hg)
107.9 ± 8.9
120.1 ± 14.9
119.4 ± 14.8
<0.0001
DBP (mm Hg)
71.6 ± 6.2
79.3 ± 10.1
78.3 ± 9.8
<0.0001
FPG (mmol/l)
4.9 ± 0.4
4.9 ± 0.4
5.7 ± 1.3
<0.0001
PG30min (mmol/l)
7.8 ± 1.7
8.62 ± 1.9
10.6 ± 2.5
<0.0001
PG120min (mmol/l)
5.2 ± 1.1
5.7 ± 1.2
10.0 ± 3.4
<0.0001
HDL (mmol/l)
1.67 ± 0.31
1.35 ± 0.33
1.35 ± 0.33
<0.0001
TG (mmol/l)
0.85 (0.70–1.10)
1.40 (0.90–1.90)
1.30 (1.00–2.00)
<0.0001
Abdominal fat distribution
ASAT (cm2)
131.8 ± 46.5
176.7 ± 61.1
162.7 ± 59.9#
<0.0001
VAT (cm2)
45.2 (33.0–61.7)
84.3 (61.5–107.9)
90.3 (64.9–110.2)
<0.0001
SVR
2.8 (2.2-3.6)
1.98 (1.5–3.0)
1.8 (1.4–2.3)#
<0.0001
Insulin resistance/sensitivity
HOMA-IR
1.05 (0.74–1.40)
1.61 (1.11–2.28)
2.15 (1.56–3.34)#
<0.0001
Matsuda index
8.8 (6.2–11.8)
5.8 (4.0–7.9)
4.1 (2.6–5.7) #
<0.0001
Insulin secretion
HOMA-B
75.2 (53.6–100.8)
107.8 (77.0–150.5)
95.5 (54.7–149.6)#
<0.0001
I0–30/G0–30
0.2 (0.2–0.4)
0.3 (0.2–0.5)
0.2 (0.2–0.4)#
<0.0001
I30–120/G30–120
0.4 (0.3–0.5)
0.5 (0.3–0.6)
0.4 (0.3–0.6)#
<0.0001
Disposition indexes
Basal DI
72.1 (55.2–88.9)
65.6 (50.9–88.9)
47.2 (29.2–65.6)#
<0.0001
Early-phase DI
2.1 (1.7–2.8)
1.7 (1.4–2.3)
0.9 (0.6–1.2)#
<0.0001
Late-phase DI
3.1 (2.6–3.8)
2.6 (2.1–3.2)
1.6 (1.3–2.1)#
<0.0001
Normally distributed data are presented as mean ± SD. Nonnormally distributed data are presented as median (interquartile range). Difference between healthy group versus metabolic dysfunction (MD) group: .#Difference between MD group versus hyperglycemia group: . BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; FMI: fat mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PG30min: 30 min plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance (OGTT); PG120min: 120 min plasma glucose during OGTT; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ASAT: abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SVR: the ratio of SAT to VAT; HOMA-IR: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-B: HOMA β-cell function; Matsuda index was calculated as 10,000/([(FPG × fasting plasma insulin) × (mean glucose during OGTT × mean insulin during OGTT)]). Basal DI: basal disposition index (DI) was calculated as HOMA-B/HOMA-IR; I0–30/G0–30 was calculated as [[30 min insulin (INS) + FINS] × 30/2]/[(30 min plasma glucose (PG) + FPG) × 18 × 30/2]; early-phase DI was calculated as I0–30/G0–30 × Matsuda index. I30–120/G30–120 was calculated as [(30 min INS + 120 min INS) × 90/2]/[(30 min PG + 120 min PG) × 18 × 90/2]; late-phase DI was calculated as I30–120/G30–120 × Matsuda index.
