Low Levels of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Constitute an Independent Risk Factor for Arterial Stiffness in Korean Women
Table 1
General characteristics of the subjects according to central obesity.
Total ()
Nonobese ()
Obese ()
Age
53.0 (47.0–58.0)
50.0 (45.0–55.5)
54.0 (48.0–59.0)
<0.001
Menopause
226 (59.3%)
69 (48.9%)
157 (65.4%)
0.002
Alcohol consumer
157 (41.2%)
53 (37.6%)
104 (43.3%)
0.321
Smoking
0.259
Nonsmoker
348 (91.3%)
128 (90.8%)
220 (91.7%)
Ex-smoker
10 (2.6%)
6 (4.3%)
4 (1.7%)
Current smoker
23 (6.0%)
7 (5.0%)
16 (6.7%)
Routine exercise
151 (39.6%)
64 (45.4%)
87 (36.3%)
0.098
Hypertension
45 (11.8%)
8 (5.7%)
37 (15.4%)
0.007
Type 2 diabetes
11 (2.9%)
3 (2.1%)
8 (3.3%)
0.718
Systolic BP (mmHg)
118.0 (109.0–128.0)
112.0 (105.0–122.5)
121.0 (112.0–132.8)
<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
78.0 (71.0–85.0)
73.0 (67.0–80.5)
80.0 (73.0–86.0)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
23.5 (21.5–26.1)
21.0 (20.1–22.0)
25.0 (23.5–27.0)
<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)
82.7 (77.3–88.5)
75.4 (73.2–77.8)
86.4 (83.2–90.5)
<0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)
93.0 (87.0–100.0)
92.0 (84.5–97.0)
93.0 (88.0–101.0)
0.005
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
195.0 (173.0–219.0)
187.0 (165.0–207.5)
199.0 (177.3–222.0)
<0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
98.0 (70.0–137.5)
82.0 (60.0–111.5)
108.5 (74.0–147.8)
<0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
53.3 (45.4–61.7)
56.9 (47.7–66.2)
51.0 (44.7–58.9)
<0.001
AST (U/L)
21.0 (18.0–25.0)
21.0 (18.0–26.0)
21.0 (18.0–24.0)
0.614
ALT (U/L)
18.0 (14.0–24.0)
16.0 (13.0–21.0)
18.0 (15.0–24.0)
0.003
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73m2)
77.2 (69.2–82.1)
77.8 (69.6–82.4)
77.0 (69.1–82.1)
0.458
baPWV (m/s)
13.0 (11.9–14.8)
12.3 (11.4–13.7)
13.3 (12.1–15.1)
<0.001
SHBG (nmol/L)
69.9 (49.0–94.9)
83.8 (61.0–111.6)
61.4 (43.4–87.9)
<0.001
FSH (mIU/mL)
41.7 (7.3–63.2)
33.3 (5.8–60.1)
45.5 (9.2–63.3)
0.166
Ten-year ASCVD risk (%)
1.6 (0.7–3.5)
0.9 (0.5–2.0)
2.2 (1.0–4.2)
<0.001
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (proportion). values are derived using Mann–Whitney U test or chi-squared test; BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; SHBG: sex hormone-binding globulin; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
