Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose to Assess Dawn Phenomenon in Chinese People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Characteristics and glucose levels of total population and groups treated with insulin sensitizers, insulin secretagogues, and insulin sensitizers plus insulin secretagogues.
Variables
Total
Insulin sensitizers
Insulin secretagogues
Sensitizers + secretagogues
a value
Number (M/F)
306 (191/115)
80 (56/24)
111 (68/43)
115 (67/48)
0.238
Age (years)
66.2 ± 10.9
65.8 ± 11.1
64.1 ± 12.0
68.42 ± 9.2
0.011
BMI (kg/m2)
25.3 ± 2.2
26.7 ± 2.5
24.6 ± 2.6
24.4 ± 2.1
0.054
Duration (years)
10.9 ± 6.7
8.5 ± 4.1
10.0 ± 7.5
13.4 ± 6.6
0.000
Mean daily energy intake (kcal)
1498.5 ± 202.1
1528.2 ± 198.6
1505.2 ± 196.2
1472.0 ± 208.4
0.151
Mean daily carbohydrate intake (g)
187.3 ± 25.3
191.0 ± 24.8
188.1 ± 24.5
184.0 ± 26.1
0.151
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)
9.9 ± 6.2
12.8 ± 7.4
9.5 ± 6.4
8.2 ± 5.6
0.002
HOMA-IR
3.3 ± 3.1
4.0 ± 3.9
3.1 ± 2.2
2.8 ± 2.2
0.033
HbA1c (%)
7.1 ± 0.9
6.7 ± 0.9
7.1 ± 0.9
7.3 ± 0.8
0.000
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
1.6 ± 1.0
1.5 ± 0.7
1.6 ± 1.2
1.5 ± 1.0
0.617
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.3 ± 1.1
4.4 ± 1.2
4.4 ± 1.1
4.2 ± 1.0
0.209
PreBF (mg/dL)
136.3 ± 26.3
132.1 ± 26.7
136.6 ± 24.0
138.9 ± 28.1
0.197
PostBF (mg/dL)
166.6 ± 41.5
159.0 ± 46.2
166.0 ± 38.7
172.5 ± 40.0
0.082
PreL (mg/dL)
133.7 ± 37.8
128.8 ± 38.9
133.9 ± 35.0
137.1 ± 39.4
0.322
PreD (mg/dL)
146.1 ± 39.7
132.6 ± 38.5
144.9 ± 36.0
157.1 ± 41.3
0.000
Bedtime (mg/dL)
151.7 ± 38.9
143.7 ± 40.1
151.7 ± 37.8
157.4 ± 38.6
0.056
Nadir (mg/dL)
114.5 ± 25.8
107.7 ± 22.7
116.6 ± 24.6
117.2 ± 28.1
0.022
ΔDawn (mg/dL)
22.4 ± 20.8
24.7 ± 22.9
20.2 ± 19.8
22.9 ± 22.1
0.364
Dawn phenomenon (%)
116 (37.9)
34 (42.5)
35 (31.5)
47 (40.9)
0.216
Data are means ± SD or number (percentage). a value among groups. BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; preBF: prebreakfast; postBF: postbreakfast; preL: prelunch; preD: predinner; ΔDawn, difference between prebreakfast and nocturnal nadir glucose values; dawn phenomenon, ΔDawn mg/dL.
