Serum Osteoprotegerin Is a Potential Biomarker of Insulin Resistance in Chinese Postmenopausal Women with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects.

Variable	NGR group; ()	IGR group; ()	T2DM group; ()
Age (year)	62.83 ± 8.57	62.38 ± 9.02	63.81 ± 8.69
SBP (mmHg)	138.40 ± 20.76	141.80 ± 19.54	147.62 ± 21.06^a
DBP (mmHg)	80.06 ± 13.61	80.9 ± 12.43	80.97 ± 12.93
Pulse rates (beats/min)	87 ± 13	88 ± 13	87 ± 11
Height (cm)	153.10 ± 5.50	154.03 ± 6.28	153.71 ± 6.23
Weight (kg)	57.24 ± 9.25	60.36 ± 10.41^a	60.80 ± 8.59^a
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.40 ± 3.56	25.38 ± 3.67	25.70 ± 3.06^a
Waist circumference (cm)	77.33 ± 9.16	79.84 ± 9.38	81.95 ± 8.86^a
Hip circumference (cm)	91.98 ± 7.78	92.53 ± 8.99	93.51 ± 7.84
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.06	0.86 ± 0.06^a	0.88 ± 0.06^a
Body fat percentage (%)	37.34 ± 3.66	37.69 ± 4.11	37.81 ± 3.84
ALT (U/L)	22.0 (17.0–22.8)	28.0 (21.0–41.3)^a	27.0 (17.5–42.0)^a
AST (U/L)	28.0 (24.0–35.5)	30.0 (23.8–34.0)	26.0 (21.0–34.5)
ALP (U/L)	77.0 (64.8–92.8)	82.0 (65.8–96.5)	82.0 (70.0–96.0)
BUN (mmol/L)	4.76 (4.03–5.81)	4.67 (3.82–5.41)	5.03 (4.02–5.98)
Cr (μmol/L)	62.0 (69.0–77.0)	70.0 (61.8–77.0)	67.0 (60.0–78.0)
URCA (μmol/L)	282.0 (243.8–334.0)	316.5 (283.8–376.5)^a	312.0 (263.5–363.5)^a
TC (mmol/L)	5.38 ± 1.13	5.62 ± 1.14	5.81 ± 1.52^a
TG (mmol/L)	1.07 (0.85–1.34)	1.34 (1.08–1.85)^a	1.40 (1.05–1.93)^a
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.58 (1.38–1.91)	1.47 (1.32–1.73)	1.41 (1.26–1.63)^a
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.94 (2.64–3.48)	3.24 (2.81–3.75)	3.22 (2.71–3.70)
FPG (mmol/L)	4.60 (4.18–4.90)	5.19 (4.99–5.89)^a	6.16 (6.89–8.98)^a, b
2hPG (mmol/L)	5.62 (4.82–6.22)	8.52 (7.98–9.53)^a	13.46 (11.61–16.77)^a, b
HbA1c (%)	5.5 (5.4–5.7)	6.0 (5.6–6.3)^a	7.4 (6.1–8.0)^a, b
FINS (mIU/L)	8.00 (4.94–11.18)	11.55 (7.25–15.48)^a	10.99 (7.39–15.34)^a
HOMA-IR index	1.54 (1.02–2.22)	2.39 (1.80–3.78)^a	3.48 (2.33–5.06)^a, b
HOMA-B	155.60 (86.03–253.09)	126.30 (76.02–222.09)	64.27 (40.22–107.40)^a, b
QUICKI	0.362 ± 0.032	0.334 ± 0.034^a	0.319 ± 0.027^a, b
Lumbar BMD (mg/cm^2)	0.866 ± 0.173	0.903 ± 0.168	0.937 ± 0.146^a
Femoral neck BMD (mg/cm^2)	1.006 ± 0.174	1.053 ± 0.186	1.074 ± 0.155^a
Serum OPG (pg/mL)	151.00 ± 45.72	169.28 ± 64.91^a	183.20 ± 56.53^a
eGFR	81.98 ± 17.61	80.96 ± 18.84	81.72 ± 18.47
Smoking history (%)	1 (1.14)	2 (2.22)	2 (2.15)
Alcohol intake (%)	3 (3.41)	3 (3.33)	2 (2.15)
Calcium and vitamin D supplements (%)	3 (3.41)	5 (5.56)	4 (4.30)

Data are presented as means ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). ^a versus NGT group; ^b versus IGR group.
2hPG, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimate glomerular filtration rate; FINS, fasting insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; LDL-C, low-density lipoproteincholesterol; NGR, normal glucose regulation; OPG, osteoprotegerin; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; URCA, blood uric acid.