Sex- and Age-Specific Optimal Anthropometric Indices as Screening Tools for Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults

Table 1

General demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population according to blood pressure and glucose level in the female and male groups.

		Global	Nonhypertensive and nondiabetic (79.7)	Only hypertensive (14.9)	Only diabetic (3.1)	Hypertensive and diabetic (2.3)
Age (years)	F	44.02 ± 10.96	42.25 ± 10.09	54.85 ± 9.48	53.60 ± 9.41	59.90 ± 9.02	<0.001^a
	M	45.34 ± 10.98	43.40 ± 10.40	50.90 ± 10.85	50.48 ± 8.92	54.75 ± 10.18	<0.001^a
Sex (%)	F	22,931	19,799 (86.3)	2478 (10.8)	351 (1.5)	303 (1.3)	<0.001^b
	M	36,098	27,220 (75.4)	6344 (17.6)	1490 (4.1)	1044 (2.9)
Anthropometric indices
BMI (kg/m^2)	F	22.64 ± 2.99	22.28 ± 2.79	24.83 ± 3.12	24.72 ± 3.50	25.76 ± 3.49	<0.001^a
	M	24.89 ± 3.12	24.45 ± 3.02	26.20 ± 2.99	25.88 ± 2.98	27.23 ± 3.24	<0.001^a
WC (cm)	F	76.28 ± 8.58	75.18 ± 8.02	82.73 ± 8.52	83.55 ± 9.38	86.99 ± 8.75	<0.001^a
	M	87.71 ± 8.69	86.37 ± 8.41	91.38 ± 8.08	91.36 ± 8.15	95.13 ± 8.73	<0.001^a
High WC (n, %)	F	7608 (33.2)	5545 (28.0)	1589 (64.1)	226 (64.5)	248 (81.8)	<0.001^a
	M	23,460 (65.0)	16,174 (59.4)	5145 (81.1)	1194 (80.1)	947 (90.7)	<0.001^a
WHtR	F	0.48 ± 0.06	0.47 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.06	0.53 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	<0.001^a
	M	0.52 ± 0.05	0.51 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.05	0.56 ± 0.05	<0.001^a
ABSI	F	0.0759 ± 0.0047	0.0755 ± 0.0046	0.0778 ± 0.0048	0.0788 ± 0.0045	0.0800 ± 0.0046	<0.001^a
	M	0.0791 ± 0.0039	0.0787 ± 0.0039	0.0798 ± 0.0037	0.0804 ± 0.0037	0.0810 ± 0.0037	<0.001^a
BRI	F	3.09 ± 1.07	2.94 ± 0.97	3.97 ± 1.14	4.08 ± 1.26	4.57 ± 1.22	<0.001^a
	M	3.73 ± 1.01	3.56 ± 0.96	4.19 ± 0.96	4.19 ± 0.99	4.67 ± 1.10	<0.001^a
CI	F	1.169 ± 0.080	1.161 ± 0.077	1.218 ± 0.079	1.232 ± 0.076	1.260 ± 0.074	<0.001^a
	M	1.238 ± 0.067	1.229 ± 0.066	1.260 ± 0.061	1.270 ± 0.060	1.288 ± 0.063	<0.001^a
Biochemical indices
FBG level (mmol/L)	F	5.02 ± 0.81	4.90 ± 0.47	5.17 ± 0.57	8.24 ± 2.51	7.68 ± 2.08	<0.001^a
	M	5.34 ± 1.24	5.05 ± 0.54	5.28 ± 0.60	8.65 ± 2.69	8.41 ± 2.38	<0.001^a
TG level (mmol/L)	F	1.22 ± 0.95	1.14 ± 0.85	1.68 ± 1.14	1.99 ± 1.99	2.24 ± 1.77	<0.001^a
	M	1.94 ± 1.62	1.82 ± 1.44	2.12 ± 1.55	2.70 ± 2.78	2.86 ± 3.02	<0.001^a
High TG level (n, %)	F	3886 (16.9)	2681 (13.5)	893 (36.0)	153 (43.6)	159 (52.5)	<0.001^a
	M	15,622 (43.3)	10,807 (39.7)	3296 (52.0)	865 (58.1)	654 (62.6)	<0.001^a
HDL-C level (mmol/L)	F	1.31 ± 0.30	1.32 ± 0.30	1.26 ± 0.29	1.20 ± 0.28	1.15 ± 0.25	<0.001^a
	M	1.10 ± 0.26	1.11 ± 0.25	1.10 ± 0.26	1.03 ± 0.24	1.06 ± 0.27	<0.001^a
Low HDL-C level (n, %)	F	12,241 (53.4)	10,247 (51.8)	1513 (61.1)	256 (72.9)	225 (74.3)	<0.001^a
	M	16,501 (45.7)	12,155 (44.7)	2926 (46.1)	852 (57.2)	568 (54.4)	<0.001^a
LDL-C level (mmol/L)	F	2.88 ± 0.81	2.84 ± 0.79	3.19 ± 0.88	3.18 ± 0.91	3.08 ± 1.01	<0.001^a
	M	3.06 ± 0.84	3.06 ± 0.83	3.10 ± 0.84	3.01 ± 0.94	2.98 ± 0.96	<0.001^a
Uric acid level (μmol/L)	F	281.75 ± 61.66	277.44 ± 58.46	308.57 ± 70.35	291.56 ± 72.16	332.59 ± 89.91	<0.001^a
	M	399.45 ± 79.80	397.12 ± 77.52	417.46 ± 84.23	372.79 ± 80.73	388.64 ± 88.56	<0.001^a
SCr level (μmol/L)	F	57.63 ± 9.06	57.48 ± 8.73	59.28 ± 10.64	53.64 ± 10.05	57.92 ± 12.00	<0.001^a
	M	79.90 ± 12.08	80.20 ± 11.35	80.78 ± 13.18	73.39 ± 12.84	76.05 ± 17.57	<0.001^a
TG/HDL-C ratio	F	1.073 ± 2.653	0.986 ± 2.750	1.506 ± 1.609	1.901 ± 2.514	2.22 ± 2.42	<0.001^a
	M	1.990 ± 2.536	1.852 ± 2.349	2.137 ± 2.036	3.104 ± 4.746	3.096 ± 4.177	<0.001^a
Cardiometabolic risks
NAFLD (n, %)	F	3918 (17.1)	2571 (13.0)	982 (39.6)	179 (51.0)	186 (61.4)	<0.001^a
	M	16,164 (44.8)	10,812 (39.7)	3608 (56.9)	983 (66.0)	761 (72.9)	<0.001^a
Hypertension (n, %)	F	2781 (12.1)	—	—	—	—	<0.001^b
	M	7388 (20.5)	—	—	—	—
Antihypertensive drugs (n, %)	F	1747 (7.6)	—	1522 (61.4)	—	224 (73.9)	<0.001^b
	M	3897 (10.8)	—	3220 (50.8)	—	675 (64.7)
SBP (mmHg)	F	117.50 ± 16.50	113.94 ± 13.39	141.40 ± 15.63	126.04 ± 13.94	145.09 ± 17.48	<0.001^a
	M	126.51 ± 14.62	122.55 ± 11.85	140.97 ± 14.74	125.97 ± 12.28	142.55 ± 16.16	<0.001^a
DBP (mmHg)	F	70.64 ± 10.72	68.96 ± 9.64	82.46 ± 10.94	74.09 ± 9.93	79.56 ± 10.61	<0.001^a
	M	77.48 ± 10.74	74.99 ± 9.37	86.96 ± 10.66	77.25 ± 9.13	85.25 ± 11.05	<0.001^a
Diabetes (n, %)	F	654 (2.9)	—	—	—	—	<0.001^b
	M	2534 (7.0)	—	—	—	—
IFG (n, %)	F	2098 (9.1)	1570 (7.9)	528 (21.3)	—	—	<0.001^b
	M	5761 (16.0)	4000 (14.7)	1761 (27.8)	—	—
Antidiabetic drugs (n, %)	F	355 (1.5)	—	—	181 (51.6)	174 (57.4)	<0.001^b
	M	1073 (3.0)	—	—	570 (38.3)	503 (48.2)
Dyslipidemia (n, %)	F	12,988 (56.6)	10,775 (54.4)	1698 (68.5)	269 (76.6)	246 (81.2)	<0.001^a
	M	22,407 (62.1)	16,201 (59.5)	4289 (67.6)	1109 (74.4)	808 (77.4)	<0.001^a
Hyperuricemia (n, %)	F	1097 (4.8)	693 (3.5)	303 (12.2)	33 (9.4)	68 (22.4)	<0.001^a
	M	5730 (15.9)	4004 (14.7)	1398 (22.0)	165 (11.1)	163 (15.6)	<0.001^a
MetS (n, %)	F	3654 (15.9)	1647 (8.3)	1506 (60.8)	215 (61.3)	286 (94.4)	<0.001^a
	M	13,069 (36.2)	6660 (24.5)	4392 (69.2)	1009 (67.7)	1008 (96.6)	<0.001^a
Framingham point score	F	4.404 ± 2.804	4.026 ± 2.650	6.961 ± 2.480	5.388 ± 2.726	7.259 ± 2.370	<0.001^a
	M	4.877 ± 2.470	4.754 ± 2.493	5.368 ± 2.339	4.686 ± 2.376	5.405 ± 2.339	<0.001^a

F: female; M: male; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; ABSI: a body shape index; BRI: body roundness index; CI: conicity index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SCr: serum creatinine; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; MetS: metabolic syndrome. Data for qualitative variables are expressed as n (%) and quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation. , comparison between groups according to blood pressure and glucose level. , comparison between women and men.