Noncoding RNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Endocrine Diseases

Table 1

EV-miRNA molecules in endocrine diseases.

Pathology	EV source	miRNA alteration	Target	Recipient cell	Activity	Reference
Metabolic syndrome	Macrophages of adipose tissue of obese mice	↑ miR-155	PPARγ	Liver and muscle cells	Glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity	[103]
Obesity	Obese visceral adipocytes	↓ miR-148b; ↓ miR-4269; ↑ miR-23b; ↑ miR-4429	TGF-β; Wnt/β-catenin	—	Involvement in liver diseases	[107]
	White and mostly brown adipocytes	miR-99b; miR-325; miR-743b; miR-98	FGF21; UCP1; PGCIα	Liver cells	Metabolic injury (glucose metabolism injury)	[109]
Liver	ASCs of obese subjects	↓ miR-126	↑ Spred1; ↑ E2K1/2; MAPK	—	Reduced EC migration and angiogenesis	[111]
	NAFLD mouse model	↑ miR-122; ↑ miR-192	—	—	EVs as potential biomarkers of hepatic injury	[125]
Pancreas	Human pancreatic islets	miR-27b; miR-126; miR-130; miR-296	—	Human islet ECs	Beta cell function, insulin secretion, angiogenesis	[131]
	EPCs	miR-126; miR-296	—	Human islet ECs	Angiogenesis promotion in vitro and in vivo	[132]
Diabetes	Skeletal muscle	miR-16	Ptch1	Pancreatic beta cells	Development of insulin resistance	[142]
	Urine of patients with diabetic nephropathy	↑ miR-130a; ↑ miR-145; ↓ miR-155; ↓ miR-424	—	—	Involvement in diabetes progression	[152]
	ECs	miR-143/miR-145 cluster	—	Vascular smooth muscle cells	Endothelium stabilization	[164]
Thyroid disorders	AITD patients	↑ miR-146a; ↑ miR-155	SMAD4	—	Function and development of Treg and Th17 cells	[176]
	Intractable Graves’ disease	miR-92a-3p; miR-23b-5p; miR-339-5p; let7g-3p	—	—	Potential role in upregulation of cytokine production	[181]
Preeclampsia	STB in in vitro model of PE	↓ miR-517a; ↓ miR-517b; ↓ miR-141	—	—	—	[213]
	PE patients	↑ miR-486-1-5p; ↑ miR-486-2-5p	—	—	Potential PE biomarkers	[214]

EV: extracellular vesicle; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor-21; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; PGCIα: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; ASCs: adipose mesenchymal stem cells; Spred1: sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing 1; E2K1/2 MAPK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase; EC: endothelial cell; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; Ptch1: protein patched homolog 1; AITD: autoimmune thyroid disease; SMAD4: SMAD family member 4; Treg: T regulatory cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells; STB: syncytiotrophoblast; PE: preeclampsia. Expression trend: ↑: miRNA increased expression; ↓: miRNA reduced expression.