Association between Dietary Patterns and Precocious Puberty in Children: A Population-Based Study

Table 2

Dietary factors associated with precocious puberty as assessed by univariate analysis.

Variables	Boys (N) (%)	Girls (N) (%)	value
Vegetable			<0.001
≤3 times/week	718 (17.55%)	265 (13.34%)
4–6 times/week	513 (12.54%)	271 (13.65%)
≥1 times/day	2860 (69.91%)	1450 (73.01%)
Fruit			0.010
≤3 times/week	921 (22.51%)	380 (19.18%)
4–6 times/week	796 (19.46%)	416 (21.00%)
≥1 times/day	2374 (58.03%)	1185 (59.82%)
Red meat			0.178
≤3 times/week	1408 (34.59%)	729 (36.95%)
4–6 times/week	795 (19.53%)	381 (19.31%)
≥1 times/day	1867 (45.87%)	863 (43.74%)
White meat			0.224
≤1 time/week	1025 (25.21%)	538 (27.27%)
1–3 times/week	2087 (51.33%)	990 (50.18%)
≥4 times/week	954 (23.46%)	445 (22.55%)
Aquatic and sea food			<0.001
≤1 time/week	965 (23.75%)	379 (19.17%)
1–3 times/week	2207 (54.31%)	1130 (57.16%)
≥4 times/week	892 (21.95%)	468 (23.67%)
Dessert/snacks			0.002
≤1 time/week	864 (21.22%)	352 (17.78%)
1–3 times/week	1732 (42.54%)	837 (42.27%)
≥4 times/week	1475 (36.23%)	791 (39.95%)
Fried food			0.006
≤1 time/month	1568 (38.56%)	831 (42.01%)
2-3 times/month	1646 (40.48%)	792 (40.04%)
≥1 time/week	852 (20.95%)	355 (17.95%)
Neogala			0.920
No	3529 (87.35%)	1720 (87.44%)
Yes	511 (12.65%)	247 (12.56%)
Protein powder			0.151
No	3487 (86.44%)	1730 (87.77%)
Yes	547 (13.56%)	241 (12.23%)
Dairy product			<0.001
≤100 ml/day	872 (21.69%)	505 (25.88%)
100–300 ml/day	2153 (53.56%)	1115 (57.15%)
≥300 ml/day	995 (24.75%)	331 (16.97%)
Soft drinks			<0.001
≤3 times/month	1741 (42.93%)	941 (47.67%)
1–3 times/week	1590 (39.21%)	742 (37.59%)
≥3 times/week	724 (17.85%)	291 (14.74%)

Notes. value for chi-square test.