Biological and Clinical Effects of Calciprotein Particles on Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder

Figure 2

The physiological role of primary CPPs is accurate transportation of materials for the bones and teeth. Developed (secondary) CPPs may induce an inflammatory response through induction of TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP in CKD and may upregulate FGF23 in bone cells. These sequential abnormalities can contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease and the poor prognosis in patients with CKD.