Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Population-Based Diabetic Foot Cohort (ADFC Study)—Two-Year Follow-Up Study

Table 2

Univariate evaluation of risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer incidence and the comparison between patients developing and not developing DFU.

Variable	All patients ()	Patients developing DFU ()	Patients not developing DFU ()	value
Neuropathy				<0.001
Yes	172 (32.2)	21 (70)	151 (30)
No	362 (67.8)	9 (30)	353 (70)
Decreased distal pulses				0.99
Yes	6 (1.1)	0 (0)	6 (1.1)
No	528 (98.9)	30 (100)	498 (98.9)
ABI				0.28
Normal	528 (98.9)	29 (96.7)	499 (99)
Abnormal	6 (1.1)	1 (3.3)	5 (1)
Foot deformity				0.001
Yes	50 (9.4)	8 (26.7)	42 (8.3)
No	484 (90.6)	22 (73.3)	462 (91.7)
HbA1c	8.73 ± 1.73	9.31 ± 1.79	8.69 ± 1.72	0.058
Retinopathy
Yes	106 (19.9)	12 (40)	94 (18.7)	0.004
No	428 (80.1)	18 (60)	410 (81.3)
Nephropathy				0.004
Yes	47 (8.8)	7 (23.3)	40 (7.9)
No	487 (91.2)	23 (76.7)	464 (92.1)
History of previous DFU or amputation				<0.001
Yes	11 (2.1)	6 (20)	5 (1)
No	523 (97.9)	24 (80)	499 (99)
Insulin consumption				<0.001
Yes	163 (30.5)	22 (73.7)	141 (28)
No	371 (69.5)	8 (26.7)	363 (72)
Patient training on feet				0.104
Yes	77 (14.4)	1 (3.3)	76 (15.1)
No	457 (85.6)	29 (96.7)	428 (84.9)
Ill-fitting footwear				0.433
Yes	338 (63.3)	21 (70)	317 (62.9)
No	196 (36.7)	9 (30)	187 (37.1)
Preventive foot care				0.999
Yes	4 (0.7)	0 (0)	4 (0.8)
No	530 (99.3)	30 (100)	500 (99.2)
Toenail care				0.246
Yes	32 (6)	0 (0)	31 (6.2)
No	502 (94)	30 (100)	473 (93.8)
Visit the physician less than 3 months ago				0.964
Yes	358 (67)	20 (66.7)	338 (67.1)
No	176 (33)	10 (33.3)	166 (32.9)
Having glucometer				0.840
Yes	383 (71.7)	22 (73.3)	361 (71.6)
No	151 (28.3)	8 (26.7)	143 (28.4)

is presented in mean ± SD; other variables are presented as N (%).