Risk of Microvascular Complications and Macrovascular Risk Factors in Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes after at Least 10 Years Duration: An Analysis of Three Population-Based Cross-Sectional Surveys in Germany between 2009 and 2016
Table 1
Characteristics of the study population with type 1 diabetes onset in preschool age and diabetes duration of at least 10 years.
Variable (n missing)
Total cohort
No complication
At least one complication†
N
1.789
1.537
252
Survey wave (0)
2009/10
794 (44.4)
649 (42.2)
145 (57.5)
2012/13
434 (26.3)
386 (25.1)
48 (19.1)
2015/16
561 (31.4)
502 (32.7)
59 (23.4)
Female sex (0)
874 (48.9)
739 (48.1)
135 (53.6)
Age in years (0)
15.4 ± 2.0
15.2 ± 2.0
16.2 ± 2.2
Age at onset (0)
3.0 ± 1.2
2.9 ± 1.2
3.2 ± 1.1
Diabetes duration in years (0)
12.4 ± 1.7
12.3 ± 1.6
13.0 ± 2.0
Hypertension (9)
96 (5.4)
—
96 (39.51)
Dyslipidemia (17)
139 (7.8)
—
139 (59.15)
Retinopathy (16)
24 (1.4)
—
24 (10.17)
Nephropathy (14)
35 (2.0)
—
35 (14.71)
Socioeconomic status index‡ (28)
13.4 ± 4.4
13.5 ± 4.4
12.6 ± 4.4
Living with… (6)
Both biological parents
1.382 (77.5)
1.198 (78.2)
184 (73.3)
Else
401 (22.5)
334 (21.8)
67 (26.7)
BMI-SDS (48)
0.30 ± 0.90
0.26 ± 0.89
0.54 ± 0.89
Freq. of vigorous physical activity (24)
Never
113 (6.4)
86 (5.7)
27 (10.8)
1-2 times/month
155 (8.8)
126 (8.3)
29 (11.7)
1-2 times/week
717 (40.6)
609 (40.2)
108 (43.4)
More than 1-2 times/week
780 (44.2)
695 (45.8)
85 (34.1)
HbA1c in % (78)
8.2 ± 1.3
8.2 ± 1.3
8.6 ± 1.7
HbA1c in mmol/mol (78)
66 ± 15
66 ± 14
70 ± 18
Freq. of SMBG (35)
0–2/day
81 (4.6)
65 (4.3)
16 (6.5)
3–5/day
853 (48.6)
718 (47.7)
135 (54.4)
6–8/day
676 (38.5)
602 (40.0)
74 (29.8)
>8/day
144 (8.2)
121 (8.0)
23 (9.3)
Freq. of omitted insulin injections (40)
Never
520 (29.7)
450 (30.0)
70 (28.2)
1-2 times/week
789 (45.1)
675 (45.0)
114 (46.0)
3–5 times/week
309 (17.7)
268 (17.9)
41 (16.5)
(almost) 1 time/day
103 (5.9)
87 (5.8)
16 (6.5)
More than 1 time/day
28 (1.6)
21 (1.4)
7 (2.8)
Insulin therapy (18)
1–3 injections/day
111 (6.3)
91 (6.0)
20 (8.0)
≥4 injections/day
647 (36.5)
565 (37.2)
82 (32.7)
CSII
1.013 (57.2)
864 (56.8)
149 (59.4)
Participation in DMP (19)
No
767 (43.3)
666 (43.8)
101 (40.4)
Yes
686 (38.8)
583 (38.4)
103 (41.2)
Not known
317 (17.9)
271 (17.8)
46 (18.4)
Use of diabetes health card (17)
No
911 (51.4)
787 (51.7)
124 (49.8)
Yes
777 (43.9)
660 (43.3)
117(47.0)
Not known
84 (4.7)
76 (5.0)
8 (3.2)
Data are N (%) or mean ± SD. Abbreviations: BMI-SDS: body mass index standard deviation score; SMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose; CSII: continuous subcutaneous insulin injection; DMP: disease management program; persons who reported to have never been diagnosed with hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, or nephropathy; †persons who reported to have ever been diagnosed with at least one of hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, or nephropathy; ‡range 3–21—higher values indicate higher socioeconomic status.
