Risk of Microvascular Complications and Macrovascular Risk Factors in Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes after at Least 10 Years Duration: An Analysis of Three Population-Based Cross-Sectional Surveys in Germany between 2009 and 2016
Table 2
Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk of have ever been diagnosed with hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy or nephropathy.
Exposure
RR from model 1 (95% CI)
RR from model 2 (95% CI)
Sex ()
Male
1.00
1.00
Female
1.21 (0.96–1.52)
1.19 (0.95–1.49)
Survey wave ()
2009/10
1.00
1.00
2012/13
0.61 (0.45–0.82)
0.78 (0.56–1.09)
2015/16
0.58 (0.43–0.76)
0.75 (0.54–1.03)
Diabetes duration† ()
10.5 years
1.00
1.00
12.4 years
1.34 (1.04–1.73)
1.34 (1.03–1.72)
15.4 years
2.32 (1.67–3.23)
2.31 (1.66–3.21)
Socioeconomic status index†‡ ()
6.5
1.00
1.00
13.0
0.67 (0.48–0.92)
0.75 (0.55–1.04)
19.0
0.57 (0.41–0.79)
0.67 (0.48–0.92)
Living with… ()
Biological parents
1.00
1.00
Else
1.25 (0.97–1.62)
1.16 (0.90–1.50)
BMI-SDS† ()
−1.5
1.00
1.00
0.3
1.75 (1.07–2.88)
1.72 (1.05–2.82)
2.0
2.89 (1.77–4.72)
2.64 (1.61–4.33)
Freq. of physical activity ()
Never
2.19 (1.49–3.22)
1.76 (1.19–2.61)
1-2 times/month
1.72 (1.17–2.52)
1.45 (0.99–2.14)
1-2 times/week
1.38 (1.06–1.80)
1.30 (0.99–1.70)
More than 1-2 times/week
1.00
1.00
HbA1c† ()
6.3% (45 mmol/mol)
1.00
1.00
8.2% (66 mmol/mol)
1.28 (1.01–1.63)
1.23 (0.97–1.57)
12.1% (109 mmol/mol)
2.67 (1.78–4.01)
2.52 (1.70–3.72)
Freq. of SMBG ()
0–2/day
1.24 (0.69–2.20)
0.88 (0.49–1.59)
3–5/day
0.99 (0.66–1.49)
0.80 (0.53–1.21)
6–8/day
0.69 (0.45–1.06)
0.64 (0.41–0.99)
>8/day
1.00
1.00
Freq. of omitted insulin injections ()
Never
1.00
1.00
1-2 times/week
1.07 (0.81–1.41)
1.07 (0.81–1.40)
3–5 times/week
0.99 (0.69–1.41)
0.98 (0.68–1.39)
(almost) 1 time/day
1.15 (0.70–1.90)
1.08 (0.66–1.77)
More than 1 time/day
1.86 (0.94–3.66)
1.91 (1.03–3.53)
Insulin therapy ()
1–3 injections/day
1.23 (0.80–1.87)
1.15 (0.76–1.74)
4+ injections/day
0.86 (0.67–1.11)
0.80 (0.62–1.03)
CSII
1.00
1.00
Participation in DMP ()
Yes
1.00
1.00
No
0.88 (0.68–1.13)
0.91 (0.71–1.17)
Do not know
0.97 (0.70–1.33)
0.95 (0.69–1.30)
Use of diabetes health card ()
Yes
1.00
1.00
No
0.90 (0.72–1.14)
0.92 (0.73–1.15)
Do not know
0.63 (0.32–1.25)
0.55 (0.28–1.08)
Unadjusted RRs were derived from separate log-binomial regression with the composite outcome as the dependent binary variable and the respective exposure variables as the independent variable (model 1). Model 2 adjusted for sex and diabetes duration. Abbreviations: BMI-SDS: body mass index standard deviation scores; SMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose; CSII: continuous subcutaneous insulin injection; DMP: disease management program; different N due to missing values in exposure variables; †modelled as a natural cubic spline with three equally spaced knots—estimates are model-based RR for the mean and midpoint of the fourth quartile versus the midpoint of the first quartile; ‡range 3–21—higher values indicate higher socioeconomic position.
