Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin Ameliorates Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Modulating Inflammation and Autophagy in ob/ob Mice

Figure 4

Sitagliptin attenuates systemic and liver inflammation in ob/ob mice. Serum inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (a) and IL-6 (b) were determined by ELISA (–6). RT-qPCR of markers (Cd68, F4/80, Cd11c, and Cd206) of total and M1/M2 macrophages (c) in the liver (). Gene expression was normalized to that of the Gapdh gene. Western blotting of phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) and their total proteins (d) in the liver (). Representative Western blot images and graphs were representing the ratio of the phosphorylated protein of interest on total proteins. DNA binding activity of AP1 (e) and NF-κB p65 activity (f) were determined from liver tissue extracts by ELISA for each sample relative to the normal control (). versus WT group. and versus ob/ob group. All data are presented as mean ± SEM.

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