A Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Suppresses Macrophage Foam Cell Formation in Diabetic db/db Mice and Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Table 2

Characteristics and plasma biochemical parameters of T2D patients and healthy volunteers.

	Healthy volunteers	T2D patients	value
Number	4	4	—
Age (years)	51 ± 7	63 ± 9	0.329
Duration of diabetes (years)	—	19 ± 6	—
Body weight (kg)	69 ± 3	74 ± 9	0.666
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.6 ± 0.8	26.4 ± 3.2	0.282
SBP (mmHg)	117 ± 3	113 ± 2	0.376
DBP (mmHg)	76 ± 5	70 ± 3	0.284
Total-C (mg/dL)	189 ± 6	187 ± 10	0.84
LDL-C (mg/dL)	120 ± 4	119 ± 9	0.888
HDL-C (mg/dL)	45 ± 6	39 ± 5	0.393
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	118 ± 13	149 ± 4	0.06
FBG (mg/dL)	93 ± 2	189 ± 24	^★
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.2	8.3 ± 0.2	^★
Retinopathy (NDR/SDR/PPDR/PDR)	NA	2/0/0/2	—
Nephropathy (1/2/3/4/5)	NA	0/3/1/0/0	—
Macroangiopathy (CVD/CAD/PAD/CAD + PAD/none)	NA	0/0/0/2/2	—
Daily bolus insulin dose (unit)	—	36 ± 9	—
Daily basal insulin dose (unit)	—	12 ± 3	—
Total daily insulin dose (unit)	—	48 ± 12	—
Use of OADs (Met/Met + Pio/none)	0/0/4	1/1/2	0.264
Lipid-lowering drugs (statin/none)	2/2	4/0	0.103
Antihypertensive drugs (ARB/ARB + β-blocker/none)	0/0/4	2/1/1	0.091

T2D: type 2 diabetes; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Total-C: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; NDR: no diabetic retinopathy; SDR: simple diabetic retinopathy; PPDR: preproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; NA: not available; —: none; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; OADs: oral antidiabetic drugs; Met: metformin; Pio: pioglitazone; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker. Results are presented as mean values ± SEM and analyzed with unpaired -test. Categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test. vs. healthy volunteers.