Association between the Number of Childbirths and the Progress of Atherosclerosis among Women with Diabetes: A Cohort Study Based on Chinese Population
Table 1
Characteristic of the subjects.
Variable
Total
Number of childbirths
value
1
2
≥3
N
1159
527
383
249
Age (years)
63.0 (59.0–69.0)
59.0 (58.0–61.0)
65.0 (62.0–69.0)
71.0 (69.0–74.0)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
25.9 ± 3.5
25.4 ± 3.4
26.3 ± 3.4
26.2 ± 3.7
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
134.0 (124.0–145.0)
131.0 (122.0–141.0)
136.0 (125.0–145.0)
141.0 (130.0–153.0)
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
72.0 (65.0–78.0)
72.0 (66.0–78.0)
72.0 (65.0–78.0)
70.0 (63.0–77.0)
0.004
Pulse (bpm)
78.0 (71.0–85.0)
78.3 (71.7–85.0)
79.0 (71.0–85.0)
78.0 (72.0–85.0)
0.711
GGT (mmol/L)
18.2 (14.1–24.8)
17.9 (13.9–23.7)
18.5 (14.0–25.4)
18.3 (14.2–25.5)
0.499
TC (mmol/L)
5.6 ± 1.0
5.6 ± 0.9
5.6 ± 1.0
5.5 ± 1.1
0.660
TG (mmol/L)
1.4 (1.0-1.9)
1.4 (1.0-1.9)
1.4 (1.1–1.8)
1.4 (1.0-1.9)
0.866
GFR (mL/min/1.73m2)
100.6 (95.5–107.1)
100.4 (97.0–104.0)
101.0 (94.5–112.1)
101.6 (89.8–111.5)
0.227
LDL-C (mmol/L)
3.4 ± 0.9
3.4 ± 0.8
3.4 ± 0.9
3.4 ± 0.9
0.779
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.5 ± 0.4
1.5 ± 0.4
1.5 ± 0.4
1.5 ± 0.4
0.701
FBG (mmol/L)
5.7 (5.3–6.4)
5.6 (5.3–6.2)
5.8 (5.3–6.5)
6.0 (5.4–7.1)
<0.001
PBG (mmol/L)
8.0 (6.5–10.9)
7.5 (6.4–9.8)
8.0 (6.5–10.9)
8.9 (7.0–12.6)
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
6.1 (5.8–6.5)
6.0 (5.7–6.3)
6.1 (5.9–6.6)
6.2 (5.9–6.7)
<0.001
PWV (cm/s)
1712.0 (1502.5–1978.2)
1612.0 (1445.5–1826.5)
1766.0 (1548.0–2041.5)
1894.0 (1667.0–2190.0)
<0.001
Age at first gestation (years)
26.0 (24.0–28.0)
27.0 (26.0–29.0)
25.0 (23.0–27.0)
22.0 (21.0–25.0)
<0.001
Age at menopause (years)
50.0 (48.0–53.0)
50.0 (48.0–53.0)
50.0 (47.0–53.0)
50.0 (47.0–52.0)
0.015
Occupation, n (%)
<0.001
Worker
337 (29.0%)
101 (19.2%)
111 (28.9%)
125 (50.2%)
Farmer
197 (17.0%)
34 (6.5%)
112 (29.2%)
51 (20.5%)
Cadre
180 (16.0%)
180 (34.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Office and technical personnel, doctor, teacher
57 (4.9%)
55 (10.5%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (0.8%)
Service worker
51 (4.4%)
51 (9.7%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Housewife
321 (27.7%)
104 (19.8%)
155 (40.4%)
62 (24.9%)
Unemployed
10 (0.9%)
1 (0.1%)
3 (0.8%)
6 (2.4%)
Other
6 (0.5%)
0 (0.0%)
3 (0.8%)
3 (1.2%)
Education, n (%)
<0.001
Illiterate
50 (4.3%)
5 (0.9%)
9 (2.3%)
36 (14.6%)
Primary school
162 (13.8%)
23 (4.4%)
56 (14.6%)
83 (33.6%)
Junior high school
494 (42.2%)
263 (49.9%)
149 (38.9%)
80 (32.4%)
Senior high school
279 (23.8%)
138 (26.2%)
109 (28.5%)
27 (10.9%)
College
185 (15.8%)
98 (18.6%)
60 (15.7%)
21 (8.5%)
Marriage status, n (%)
<0.001
Married
1027 (88.6%)
488 (92.6%)
341 (89.0%)
198 (79.5%)
Widowed
118 (10.2%)
28 (5.3%)
40 (10.4%)
50 (20.1%)
Separated
1 (0.1%)
1 (0.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Divorced
13 (1.1%)
10 (1.9%)
2 (0.5%)
1 (0.4%)
Number of pregnancies, n (%)
<0.001
1
147 (12.7%)
147 (27.9%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
2
343 (29.4%)
204 (38.7%)
138 (36.0%)
1 (0.4%)
3
350 (29.9%)
136 (25.8%)
145 (37.9%)
69 (27.7%)
4
214 (18.4%)
30 (5.7%)
81 (21.1%)
103 (41.4%)
5
81 (6.9%)
6 (1.1%)
16 (4.2%)
59 (23.7%)
6
21 (1.8%)
3 (0.6%)
2 (0.5%)
16 (6.4%)
8
3 (0.3%)
1 (0.2%)
1 (0.3%)
1 (0.4%)
HDCP, n (%)
0.180
Yes
86 (7.6%)
45 (8.5%)
29 (7.6%)
12 (4.8%)
No
1043 (92.4%)
482 (91.5%)
354 (92.4%)
237 (95.2%)
GDM, n (%)
0.942
Yes
4 (0.3%)
2 (0.4%)
1 (0.3%)
1 (0.4%)
No
1155 (99.7%)
525 (99.6%)
382 (99.7%)
248 (99.6%)
CHD
0.003
Yes
166 (14.3%)
56 (10.6%)
62 (16.2%)
48 (19.3%)
No
993 (85.7%)
471 (89.4%)
321 (83.8%)
201 (80.7%)
Hypertension, n (%)
<0.001
Yes
680 (58.7%)
265 (50.3%)
243 (63.4%)
172 (69.1%)
No
479 (41.3%)
262 (49.7%)
140 (36.6%)
77 (30.9%)
Diabetes
<0.001
Yes
434 (37.4%)
156 (29.6%)
155 (40.5%)
123 (49.4%)
No
725 (62.6%)
371 (70.4%)
228 (59.5%)
126 (50.6%)
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)
0.962
Yes
348 (30.0%)
159 (30.2%)
116 (30.3%)
73 (29.3%)
No
811 (70.0%)
368 (69.8%)
267 (69.7%)
176 (70.7%)
Antihypertensive drug use, n (%)
0.006
Yes
183 (15.8%)
65 (12.4%)
77 (20.2%)
41 (16.5%)
No
973 (84.2%)
461 (87.6%)
304 (79.8%)
208 (83.5%)
Hypoglycemic drug use, n (%)
0.016
Yes
154 (13.3%)
55 (10.4%)
55 (14.4%)
44 (17.7%)
No
1005 (86.7%)
472 (89.6%)
328 (85.6%)
205 (82.3%)
Drinking status, n (%)
0.149
No
1055 (91.0%)
471 (89.4%)
354 (92.4%)
230 (92.4%)
Occasional drinkers
82 (7.1%)
48 (9.1%)
21 (5.5%)
13 (5.2%)
Regular drinkers
22 (1.9%)
8 (1.5%)
8 (2.1%)
6 (2.4%)
Smoking status, n (%)
<0.001
No
1121 (96.9%)
520 (99.0%)
375 (97.9%)
226 (90.8%)
Occasional smokers
10 (0.9%)
1 (0.2%)
3 (0.8%)
6 (2.4%)
Regular smokers
26 (2.2%)
4 (0.8%)
5 (1.3%)
17 (6.8%)
The subject characteristic data are expressed as the mean ± SD for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG: 0-hour fasting blood glucose; PBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; PWV: pulse wave velocity.
