Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels Are Positively Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Clinical variables of the 126 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without metabolic syndrome.

Variables	All participants (n = 126)	No metabolic syndrome (n = 42)	Metabolic syndrome (n = 84)	value
Age (years)	62.43 ± 12.32	60.83 ± 14.11	63.23 ± 11.32	0.306
Height (cm)	161.48 ± 8.51	162.86 ± 7.70	160.80 ± 8.85	0.201
Body weight (kg)	70.11 ± 13.51	62.94 ± 8.75	73.69 ± 14.07	<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	26.77 ± 3.94	23.68 ± 2.45	28.32 ± 3.63	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	89.98 ± 9.57	82.25 ± 7.45	93.85 ± 8.07	<0.001
Body fat mass (%)	31.74 ± 7.56	25.48 ± 6.13	34.88 ± 6.13	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	141.65 ± 20.38	128.76 ± 15.09	148.10 ± 19.66	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	82.73 ± 10.92	76.33 ± 8.91	85.93 ± 10.45	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	163.19 ± 30.10	158.40 ± 25.99	165.58 ± 31.83	0.208
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	121.00 (85.00–183.75)	89.50 (58.50–112.25)	136.50 (101.75–217.00)	<0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	46.56 ± 12.16	51.10 ± 13.46	44.30 ± 10.83	0.003
LDL-C (mg/dL)	101.18 ± 26.71	96.50 ± 23.50	103.52 ± 28.02	0.165
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	137.50 (121.00–173.50)	124.00 (115.50–151.75)	142.00 (127.00–182.75)	0.004
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	7.40 (6.60–8.90)	6.90 (6.30–7.80)	7.85 (6.80–9.15)	0.005
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	16.00 (12.00–18.00)	15.00 (12.00–18.00)	16.00 (12.00–18.75)	0.175
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0. 90 (0.70–1.00)	0.90 (0.70–1.00)	0.90 (0.70–1.00)	0.466
eGFR (mL/min)	85.47 ± 25.64	94.80 ± 28.59	80.80 ± 22.80	0.003
UACR (mg/g)	15.81 (7.15–105.63)	7.95 (4.66–18.33)	25.31 (9.81–190.83)	<0.001
Insulin (μIU/mL)	7.01 (3.25–13.62)	3.65 (1.81–6.17)	9.78 (5.08–18.02)	<0.001
HOMA-IR	2.40 (1.14–4.98)	1.18 (0.77–1.95)	3.63 (1.91–6.77)	<0.001
FGF21 (pg/mL)	192.69 (109.82–283.48)	141.45 (66.16–227.56)	218.95 (139.80–325.63)	<0.001
Women (n, %)	47 (37.3)	12 (28.6)	45 (53.6)	0.008
Hypertension (n, %)	66 (52.4)	11 (26.2)	55 (65.5)	<0.001
Statin use (n, %)	60 (47.6)	15 (35.7)	45 (53.6)	0.058
Fibrate use (n, %)	8 (6.3)	1 (2.4)	7 (8.3)	0.196
Metformin use (n, %)	69 (54.8)	19 (45.2)	50 (59.5)	0.126
Sulfonylureas use (n, %)	70 (55.6)	21 (50.0)	49 (58.3)	0.375
DDP-4 inhibitor use (n, %)	77 (61.1)	23 (54.8)	54 (64.3)	0.301
Thiazolidinedione use (n, %)	5 (4.0)	2 (4.8)	3 (3.6)	0.747
Insulin use (n, %)	30 (23.8)	12 (28.6)	18 (21.4)	0.375

Values for continuous variables are given as means ± standard deviation and are tested by Student’s t-test. Variables that are not normally distributed are given as medians and interquartile range and are tested by Mann–Whitney U test. Values are presented as number (%), and analysis was done using the chi-square test. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; DDP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4. was considered statistically significant.