The Effect of Clothing on Vitamin D Status, Bone Turnover Markers, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Kuwaiti Females

Table 4

Fasting biochemical variables.

	Unveiled (n=30)	Hejab (n=30)	Veiled (n=30)	Reference Range
GLUC	3.8 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.1	3.9 ± 0.2	3.9-6.1 mmol/L
Kidney Profile
BUN	3.21 ± 0.17	3.25 ± 0.2	2.81 ± 0.15	2.5-6.6 mmol/L
CREA	41.2 ± 2.62	41.8 ± 1.85	38.7 ± 2.32	60-120 μmol/L
URIC	227 ± 9.23	235 ± 9.17	215 ± 10.9	150-400 μmol/L
Na	131.3 ± 3.75	128.5 ± 2.59	129.3 ± 2.7	135-148 mmol/L
K	3.75 ± 0.11	3.84 ± 0.11	3.64 ± 0.1	3.5-5.3 mmol/L
Liver Profile
ALB	33.5 ± 1.74	31.5 ± 1.11	34.1 ± 1.48	35-47 g/L
ALP	34.1 ± 2.97	32.6 ± 1.91	36.1 ± 3.1	26-88 IU/L
ALT	11 ± 1.08	8.94 ± 0.53	9.25 ± 0.94	10-60 IU/L
AST	15 ± 1	13 ± 1.1	14 ± 1	10-42 IU/L
TP	58 ± 3.03	59.6 ± 4.51	61.1 ± 2.3	63-80 g/L
Lipid Profile
CHOL	3.19 ± 0.23	3.39 ± 0.14	3.3 ± 0.19	3-5.2 mmol/L
TG	0.67 ± 0.06	0.83 ± 0.08	0.66 ± 0.05	0-2 mmol/L
HDL	1.01 ± 0.08	1.13 ± 0.04	3.29 ± 2.06	0.9-2.5 mmol/L
Others
Corrected Ca	2.23 ± 0.035	2.25 ± 0.199	2.22 ± 0.035	2.2-2.6 mmol/L
PO4	0.89 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.03	1.04 ± 0.06	0.8-1.4 mmol/L
IRON	16.3 ± 1.57	16.6 ± 1.36	14.4 ± 1.8	11-31 μmol/L
TRFN	2.7 ± 0.08	3.5 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.16	2.1-3.6 g/L

All variables are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). GLUC, glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CREA, creatinine; URIC, uric acid; Na, sodium; K, potassium; ALB, albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TP, total protein; CHOL, cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Ca, calcium; PO₄, phosphate; TRFN, transferrin.