The Effect of Clothing on Vitamin D Status, Bone Turnover Markers, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Kuwaiti Females

Table 5

Bone mineral density comparisons.

	Unveiled (n=30)	Hejab (n=30)	Veiled (n=30)
Left Femoral Neck
BMD (g/cm^2)	0.99 ± 0.02	0.97 ± 0.028	0.98 ± 0.022
Z-score	-0.43 ± 0.16	-0.62 ± 0.22	-0.58 ± 0.17
Right Femoral Neck
BMD (g/cm^2)	0.99 ± 0.02	0.96 ± 0.03	0.98 ± 0.019
Z-score	-0.41 ± 0.16	-0.66 ± 0.195	-0.61 ± 0.15
Lumbar Spine (L2-L4)
BMD (g/cm^2)	1.19 ± 0.02	1.17 ± 0.025	1.24 ± 0.02
BMC (g)	45.8 ± 1.39	44.3 ± 1.45	49.4 ± 1.53
Z-score	0.028 ± 0.18	-0.24 ± 0.21	0.27 ± 0.16
Total Body
BMD (g/cm^2)	1.13 ± 0.014	1.12 ± 0.018	1.16 ± 0.014
BMC (g)	2340.3 ± 59.81	2298.5 ± 54.6	2384.7 ± 64.32
Z-score	0.2 ± 0.13	-0.02 ± 0.17	0.25 ± 0.12

All variables are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Independent t-tests were conducted for comparisons between groups; no significant differences were detected. BMD, bone mineral density; BMC, bone mineral contents.