The Effect of Clothing on Vitamin D Status, Bone Turnover Markers, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Kuwaiti Females
Table 5
Bone mineral density comparisons.
Unveiled (n=30)
Hejab (n=30)
Veiled (n=30)
Left Femoral Neck
BMD (g/cm2)
0.99 ± 0.02
0.97 ± 0.028
0.98 ± 0.022
Z-score
-0.43 ± 0.16
-0.62 ± 0.22
-0.58 ± 0.17
Right Femoral Neck
BMD (g/cm2)
0.99 ± 0.02
0.96 ± 0.03
0.98 ± 0.019
Z-score
-0.41 ± 0.16
-0.66 ± 0.195
-0.61 ± 0.15
Lumbar Spine (L2-L4)
BMD (g/cm2)
1.19 ± 0.02
1.17 ± 0.025
1.24 ± 0.02
BMC (g)
45.8 ± 1.39
44.3 ± 1.45
49.4 ± 1.53
Z-score
0.028 ± 0.18
-0.24 ± 0.21
0.27 ± 0.16
Total Body
BMD (g/cm2)
1.13 ± 0.014
1.12 ± 0.018
1.16 ± 0.014
BMC (g)
2340.3 ± 59.81
2298.5 ± 54.6
2384.7 ± 64.32
Z-score
0.2 ± 0.13
-0.02 ± 0.17
0.25 ± 0.12
All variables are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Independent t-tests were conducted for comparisons between groups; no significant differences were detected. BMD, bone mineral density; BMC, bone mineral contents.