The Effect of Clothing on Vitamin D Status, Bone Turnover Markers, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Kuwaiti Females

Table 6

Bone turnover marker comparisons between the unveiled and hejab groups.

Bone Marker	Unveiled	Veiled	Hejab	Reference Range
	(n=30)	(n=30)	(n=30)	ng/ml
P1NP	55.13 ± 3.69	73.8 ± 4.52	62.12 ± 4.6	19-100
Osteocalcin	23.22 ± 1.39	26.63 ± 1.46	31.23 ± 2.52	0.5-300
β-CrossLaps	0.39 ± 0.03	0.54 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.03	0.112-1.081

All variables are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The Mann-Whitney test was conducted for comparisons between groups. P1NP and β-CrossLaps were significantly higher in the veiled group compared to unveiled one; p<0.01 and p=0.001, respectively.
Osteocalcin was significantly higher in the hejab group compared to unveiled group; p<0.05.