Intrapartum Results on Differing Degrees of Ketonuria in Nulliparous Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during Spontaneous Labor
Table 1
Baseline characteristics by ketonuria classification of nulliparous women with spontaneous labor.
Characteristics
NG (−/±)
MG (+/++)
KG (+++/++++)
Overall value
Multiple comparison
Age (years)
31.84 ± 3.34
32.44 ± 3.23
32.24 ± 3.19
0.154
—
Pregestational BM (kg/m2)
22.97 ± 3.33
22.96 ± 3.22
23.28 ± 3.58
0.616
—
Gain weight (kg)
13.87 ± 2.86
13.59 ± 2.73
13.80 ± 2.86
0.539
—
Family history of diabetes, n (%)
14 (5.9)
27 (15.0)
31 (20.4)
<0.001
—
Using insulin therapy during pregnancy, n (%)
6 (2.5)
11 (6.1)
9 (5.9)
0.147
—
Pregnancy metabolic indicator
Glucose 0 h (OGTT) (mmol/l)
4.91 ± 0.40
4.88 ± 0.44
4.92 ± 0.46
0.673
—
Glucose 1 h (OGTT) (mmol/l)
9.59 ± 1.50
9.87 ± 1.30
9.92 ± 1.30
0.064
—
Glucose 2 h (OGTT) (mmol/l)
7.76 ± 1.34
8.07 ± 1.37
8.07 ± 1.30
0.075
—
HbALc (%)
5.16 ± 0.35
5.23 ± 0.30
5.17 ± 0.29
0.066
—
HOMA-IR (IUmmol/L)
1.60 ± 0.74
2.14 ± 0.89
2.36 ± 1.11
<0.001
NG < MG, TG
TG (mmol/L)
2.53 ± 0.89
2.78 ± 1.19
3.32 ± 1.28
<0.001
NG, MG < TG
TC (mmol/L)
2.21 ± 0.70
3.60 ± 1.58
4.86 ± 1.52
<0.001
NG < MG < TG
HDLc (mmol/L)
1.63 ± 0.31
1.71 ± 0.36
1.70 ± 0.33
0.055
—
LDLc (mg/dl)
2.90 ± 0.73
2.89 ± 0.79
2.91 ± 0.70
0.960
—
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). Overall P values for continuous variables determined using ANOVA and for categorical variables determined using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Multiple comparisons among the three groups were calculated using post hoc analysis (Scheffe or Tamhane’s T2 test). NG: negative group; MG: moderate group; TG: ketosis group.
