Intrapartum Results on Differing Degrees of Ketonuria in Nulliparous Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during Spontaneous Labor
Table 3
Maternal and neonatal outcomes by ketonuria classification of nulliparous women with spontaneous labor.
Characteristics
NG (−/±)
MG (+/++)
KG (+++/++++)
P value
Operative vaginal delivery, n (%)
4 (1.7)
10 (5.6)
17 (11.2)
<0.001
Conversion to cesarean section, n (%)
5 (1.3)
16 (8.9)
24 (15.8)
<0.001
FHR intrapartum pattern III, n (%)
2 (0.9)
13 (7.2)
22 (14.5)
<0.001
MSAF III, n (%)
11 (4.6)
21 (11.7)
27 (17.8)
<0.001
Prolonged labor >16 hours, n (%)
10 (4.2)
17 (9.4)
44 (28.9)
<0.001
Postpartum hemorrhage, n (%)
2 (0.9)
4 (2.2)
10 (6.6)
0.004
Neonatal hypoglycemia, n (%)
8 (3.4)
5 (2.8)
15 (9.9)
0.009
Umbilical cord arterial pH <7.2, n (%)
4 (1.7)
7 (3.9)
11 (7.2)
0.022
Adverse neonatal outcomes, n (%)
Apgar score <7
1 min
0 (0)
2 (0)
3 (1.06)
0.067
5 min
0 (0)
1 (0.24)
2 (0.71)
0.117
Neonatal care unit admission, n (%)
10 (4.2)
14 (7.8)
19 (12.5)
<0.001
Data are presented as n (%). Categorical variables determined using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. NG: negative group; MG: moderate group; TG: ketosis group.
