Association between Diabetes Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 4

Association between various factors and ADKnowl and GSES.

Variables		ADKnowl (mean ± SD)	value	GSES (mean ± SD)	value
Gender, n (%)	Male	60.68 ± 15.69	≤0.001	2.45 ± 0.64	0.174
	Female	57.19 ± 16.65		2.30 ± 0.62
Age, n (%)	<44	59.48 ± 17.33	0.019	2.47 ± 0.74	0.004
	45∼59	60.13 ± 16.36		2.44 ± 0.62
	60∼74	58.89 ± 15.65		2.33 ± 0.62
	≥75	55.59 ± 17.17		2.31 ± 0.63
Marital status, n (%)	Single	57.85 ± 18.34	0.001	2.22 ± 0.62	0.038
	Married	59.51 ± 16.02		2.39 ± 0.63
	Divorced	57.42 ± 15.60		2.25 ± 0.65
	Widowed	52.00 ± 17.77		2.36 ± 0.59
Educational background, n (%)	Primary school and below	54.85 ± 16.06	≤0.001	2.20 ± 0.56	<0.001
	Junior middle school	59.23 ± 15.98		2.35 ± 0.63
	Senior middle school	59.99 ± 16.04		2.42 ± 0.64
	Undergraduate and above	62.98 ± 15.89		2.59 ± 0.64
Occupation, n (%)	Intelligence	64.30 ± 15.04	≤0.001	2.69 ± 0.65	<0.001
	Manual	54.40 ± 17.17		2.30 ± 0.63
	Retired	60.07 ± 15.84		2.35 ± 0.61
	Others	59.68 ± 14.15		2.36 ± 0.61
Smoke, n (%)	No	58.60 ± 16.41	0.040	2.35 ± 0.63	0.895
	Yes	60.71 ± 15.49		2.49 ± 0.63
Drink, n (%)	No	58.71 ± 16.41	0.023	2.35 ± 0.63	0.765
	Yes	61.74 ± 14.52		2.59 ± 0.62
Diabetes-learning experience	Yes	60.53 ± 15.83	≤0.001	2.39 ± 0.65	0.046
	No	53.44 ± 16.55		2.36 ± 0.58
Complication	No	57.31 ± 16.07	≤0.001	2.39 ± 0.65	0.037
	Yes	61.61 ± 16.45		2.36 ± 0.60
Therapy	OHA only	55.61 ± 15.95	≤0.001	2.42 ± 0.63	0.202
	Insulin only	59.08 ± 16.11		2.38 ± 0.63
	OHA + insulin	62.00 ± 16.03		2.35 ± 0.64
Diabetes duration (yrs)	<5	56.36 ± 16.25	≤0.001	2.38 ± 0.65	0.391
	≥5	60.17 ± 16.11		2.38 ± 0.63
BMI (kg/m^2)	<24	58.62 ± 16.10	0.374	2.33 ± 0.62	0.571
	≥24	59.37 ± 16.39		2.42 ± 0.64
WHR	<0.9	57.35 ± 16.29	≤0.001	2.34 ± 0.60	0.047
	≥0.9	61.09 ± 16.44		2.43 ± 0.66
HbA1c (%)	≤9	59.70 ± 16.03	0.049	2.39 ± 0.62	0.190
	>9	58.01 ± 16.53		2.36 ± 0.65