The Dose-Response Relationship between Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus Using Publicly Available Data: A Longitudinal Study in Japan
Table 4
Subgroup analyses of the association between serum GGT levels and incident diabetes mellitus in the NAGALA study, 2004–2015.
Confounding factor category
Serum GGT quintiles
for trend
for interaction
Q1 (≤10 IU/L)
Q2 (11–12 IU/L)
Q3 (13–16 IU/L)
Q4 (17–24 IU/L)
Q5 (≥25 IU/L)
Alcohol intake
0.2865
0 g/week
1 (reference)
1.38 (0.50, 3.84)
2.03 (0.86, 4.78)
3.85 (1.67, 8.88)
3.92 (1.60, 9.58)
0.0003
>0 g/week
1 (reference)
1.30 (0.63, 2.70)
0.89 (0.44, 1.80)
1.29 (0.66, 2.53)
1.28 (0.65, 2.52)
0.3495
Smoking status
0.0378
Never
1 (reference)
1.89 (0.90, 3.95)
1.40 (0.67, 2.90)
2.60 (1.28, 5.27)
2.57 (1.22, 5.39)
0.0090
Past
1 (reference)
1.00 (0.22, 4.52)
0.68 (0.17, 2.78)
0.52 (0.13, 2.07)
1.22 (0.33, 4.55)
0.2123
Current
1 (reference)
0.59 (0.16, 2.24)
0.64 (0.22, 1.82)
1.02 (0.37, 2.81)
0.70 (0.25, 1.98)
0.8382
BMI (kg/m2)
0.1647
<25
1 (reference)
1.03 (0.52, 2.03)
1.11 (0.60, 2.06)
1.87 (1.04, 3.37)
1.78 (0.96, 3.29)
0.0115
≥25
1 (reference)
5.64 (1.23, 25.84)
3.37 (0.77, 14.78)
4.58 (1.07, 19.64)
5.46 (1.26, 23.61)
0.0356
WC (cm)
0.4253
<90 in men, <80 in women
1 (reference)
1.11 (0.58, 2.14)
0.93 (0.50, 1.71)
1.52 (0.85, 2.73)
1.59 (0.87, 2.90)
0.0325
≥90 in men, ≥80 in women
1 (reference)
6.47 (0.81, 51.77)
7.03 (0.93, 53.42)
9.84 (1.32, 73.59)
9.87 (1.31, 74.44)
0.0189
Notes: adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fatty liver, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and fasting plasma glucose. Abbreviations: GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.
