Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and controls.

	T2DMG (n = 177)	CG (n = 146)	value
Age, years (mean ± SD)	65.6 ± 8.6	65.0 ± 9.1	0.520
Gender			0.070
Female	114 (64.4%)	80 (54.7%)
Male	63 (35.5 %)	66 (45.2%)
Ethnicity
Caucasians	149 (84.2%)	139 (95.2%)	0.440
Mulatto/black	26 (14.6%)	5 (3.42%)	<0.010
BMI, kg/m^2 (mean ± SD)	29.2 ± 4.89	26.2 ± 3.10	<0.010
Waist circumference, cm (mean ± SD)	99.7 ± 11.0	89.3 ± 10.0	<0.010
Menopause	111 (95.6%)	69 (86.2%)	0.090
Current smoking	12 (6.77%)	6 (4.10%)	0.720
Alcohol intake	9 (5.08%)	NA	NA
Calcium intake, mg/day (mean ± SD)	403 ± 3.5	651 ± 3.8	<0.010
Unhealthy diet	78 (44%)	43 (29.4%)	0.020
Comorbidities
Dyslipidemia	154 (87.0%)	35 (27.7%)	<0.001
Hypertension	145 (82.0%)	39 (30.3%)	<0.010
Hypothyroidism	50 (28.2%)	16 (12.4%)	<0.001
Complications
Any complications	107 (60.4%)	NA
Cardiovascular disease	53 (29.9%)	NA
Retinopathy	52 (29.3%)	NA
Peripheral neuropathy	50 (28.2%)	NA
Nephropathy	45.0 (25.4%)	NA
Treatment of diabetes
Metformin	153 (86.4%)	NA
Insulin plus oral agent	98 (55.3 %)	NA
Oral agent only	56 (31.5 %)	NA
Insulin only	22 (12.4%)	NA
Biochemical analysis
Glucose, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	162 ± 68.4	93 ± 18.5	<0.001
Creatinine, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	1.18 ± 1.1	0.92 ± 0.23	<0.001
Glomerular filtration rate (MDRD), ml/min/1.73 m^2 (mean ± SD)	71.0 ± 19.0	78.0 ± 15.0	<0.010
Calcium, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	9.41 ± 0.9	9.38 ± 0.47	<0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	171.6 ± 50.2	NA	NA
Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	154.1 ± 103.4	NA	NA
LDL cholesterol mg/dL (mean ± SD)	96.8 ± 39.1	NA	NA
PTH, pg/mL (mean ± SD)	72.7 ± 50.5	NA	NA
Vitamin D, ng/mL (mean ± SD)	29.6 ± 13.3	NA	NA
Deficient (<20 ng/mL)	80 (45.1%)	NA	NA
Insufficient (21 a 29 ng/mL)	47 (26.6%)	NA	NA
Normal (≥30 ng/mL)	50 (28.2%)	NA	NA
HbA1c (NGSP) (mean ± SD)	8.5% ± 5.7	NA	NA
Albuminuria (>30 mg/g·cr)	49 (36.1%)	NA	NA

Unhealthy dietary habits, <6 servings of fruits and vegetables/daily; statistical significance, . The data are described as absolute and relative (%) frequency or mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: T2DMG, diabetes mellitus group; CG, control group; BMI, body mass index; PTH, parathyroid hormone; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NGSP, national glycohemoglobin standardization program; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; mg/g Cr, milligram per gram of creatinine.