Serum Kisspeptin and Its Relation to Metabolic Parameters and Glucose Metabolism in Prepubertal and Pubertal Obese Children
Table 1
Clinical characteristics and related parameters of all patients and each subgroup of pubertal status according to HbA1c.
Characteristics/parameters
All (N = 270)
Prepuberty (N = 26)
Puberty (N = 244)
Normal HbA1c (N = 179)
Prediabetes HbA1c (N = 91)
value
Normal HbA1c (N = 17)
Prediabetes HbA1c (N = 9)
value
Normal HbA1c (N = 162)
Prediabetes HbA1c (N = 82)
value
Age (years)
12.7 (11.1, 14.5)
11.8 (10.7, 12.9)
0.003
11.0 (10.4, 11.8)
10.7 (10.5, 11.7)
1.000
12.9 (11.3, 14.8)
11.9 (10.8, 13.1)
0.002
Male/female, N (%)
82/97 (46/54)
45/46 (49/51)
0.571
16/1 (94/6)
7/2 (78/22)
0.268
66/96 (41/59)
38/44 (46/54)
0.403
Weight SDS
4.9 (3.2, 6.0)
4.4 (3.8, 6.1)
0.533
2.9 (2.5, 3.9)
3.9 (3.2, 5.6)
0.029
5.0 (3.4, 6.1)
4.5 (3.8, 6.3)
0.876
Height SDS
0.9 (0.1, 1.8)
1.3 (0.4, 2.3)
0.039
0.4 (-0.3, 1.4)
1.1 (0.5, 1.5)
0.178
1.0 (0.1, 1.9)
1.3 (0.4, 2.3)
0.066
BMI SDS
2.6 (2.1, 2.9)
2.5 (2.2, 2.9)
0.834
2.6 (2.3, 2.9)
2.6 (2.3, 3.2)
0.609
2.6 (2.1, 2.9)
2.5 (2.1, 2.9)
0.917
Waist circumference percentile
128 (114, 148)
127 (116, 151)
0.473
115 (101, 120)
116 (102, 131)
0.293
130 (115, 150)
129 (118, 151)
0.658
Body fat percentage SDS
3.3 (2.7, 4.1)
3.4 (2.7, 4.0)
0.609
3.5 (3.3, 3.8)
3.6 (3.2, 4.0)
0.841
3.2 (2.6, 4.1)
3.4 (2.6, 4.0)
0.642
Kisspeptin (pg/mL)
36.7 (29.3, 64.0)
51.9 (32.0, 68.4)
0.023
34.3 (27.4, 50.9)
30.8 (28.7, 45.4)
0.893
37.8 (29.6, 67.5)
53.2 (33.9, 69.8)
0.015
C-peptide (nmol/L)
1.2 (0.9, 1.4)
1.3 (1.0, 1.6)
0.021
0.8 (0.7, 1.3)
1.1 (0.7, 1.2)
0.586
1.2 (0.9, 1.4)
1.3 (1.0, 1.7)
0.018
HbA1c (%)
5.4 (5.2, 5.5)
5.9 (5.8, 6.1)
<0.001
5.4 (5.2, 5.5)
5.8 (5.7, 6.0)
<0.001
5.4 (5.1, 5.5)
5.9 (5.8, 6.1)
<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
4.4 (4.3, 4.7)
4.6 (4.3, 4.9)
0.153
4.5 (4.4, 4.7)
4.8 (4.6, 5.1)
0.025
4.4 (4.3, 4.8)
4.5 (4.3, 4.8)
0.407
1-h plasma glucose (mmol/L)
7.4 (6.6, 8.6)
8.4 (7.2, 9.8)
<0.001
7.9 (6.7, 9.5)
9.4 (6.8, 10.2)
0.374
7.4 (6.5, 8.5)
8.3 (7.2, 9.7)
<0.001
2-h plasma glucose (mmol/L)
6.7 (5.7, 7.4)
7.3 (6.4, 8.0)
0.001
7.3 (6.3, 7.6)
6.8 (6.3, 7.8)
0.978
6.7 (5.7, 7.4)
7.3 (6.4, 8.0)
0.001
AUC glucose (h∙mmol/L)
13.9 (12.5, 15.3)
14.9 (13.4, 16.9)
0.001
15.1 (14.0, 17.0)
15.8 (13.6, 18.1)
0.535
13.7 (12.4, 15.2)
14.8 (13.2, 16.8)
0.001
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L)
108 (74, 152)
120 (89, 207)
0.015
81 (58, 152)
103 (55, 145)
0.609
110 (75, 152)
126 (90, 216)
0.015
1-h plasma insulin (pmol/L)
820 (566, 1340)
1070 (704, 1625)
0.019
763 (501, 1582)
1176 (425, 1715)
0.936
837 (570, 1311)
1063 (726, 1611)
0.015
2-h plasma insulin (pmol/L)
826 (478, 1361)
951 (617, 1688)
0.036
954 (640, 1340)
895 (494, 1320)
0.571
754 (452, 1374)
962 (634, 1717)
0.018
AUC insulin (h∙pmol/L)
1581 (1031, 2269)
1864 (1188, 2785)
0.067
1678 (1057, 2811)
1344 (831, 2778)
0.686
1571 (1028, 2242)
1867 (1220, 2907)
0.035
Glucose metabolism status, N (%)
NGT
30 (17)
9 (10)
3 (18)
2 (22)
27 (17)
7 (8)
<0.001
HI
119 (66)
45 (49)
12 (70)
5 (56)
0.717
107 (66)
40 (49)
AGT
30 (17)
37 (41)
<0.001
2 (12)
2 (22)
28 (17)
35 (43)
WBISI
2.6 (1.7, 4.0)
2.0 (1.2, 3.0)
0.006
2.4 (1.6, 4.0)
2.7 (1.4, 5.5)
0.979
2.6 (1.7, 4.0)
2.0 (1.2, 2.9)
0.004
QUICKI
0.32 (0.31, 0.34)
0.32 (0.29, 0.33)
0.009
0.34 (0.31, 0.35)
0.32 (0.31, 0.37)
0.571
0.32 (0.31, 0.34)
0.31 (0.29, 0.33)
0.011
HOMA-IR
3.2 (2.0, 4.4)
3.7 (2.6, 6.5)
0.009
2.3 (1.8, 4.1)
3.3 (1.6, 4.5)
0.571
3.2 (2.0, 4.6)
3.9 (2.6, 6.8)
0.011
IGI
2.0 (1.3, 3.2)
1.8 (1.3, 3.0)
0.480
1.5 (1.0, 2.2)
1.5 (1.3, 1.8)
0.893
2.2 (1.3, 3.3)
1.8 (1.3, 3.4)
0.524
HOMA-β
318 (201, 447)
316 (222, 527)
0.371
282 (123, 449)
245 (108, 298)
0.269
318 (209, 450)
320 (229, 611)
0.172
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.5 (4.0, 5.0)
4.5 (4.0, 5.0)
0.911
4.9 (4.3, 5.8)
4.8 (4.4, 5.5)
0.914
4.5 (3.9, 5.0)
4.4 (4.0, 4.9)
0.997
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.2 (1.0, 1.3)
1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
0.042
1.3 (1.2, 1.4)
1.3 (1.1, 1.5)
0.686
1.1 (1.0, 1.3)
1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
0.031
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.9 (2.4, 3.4)
2.9 (2.5, 3.5)
0.678
3.1 (2.7, 4.0)
3.1 (2.7, 3.5)
0.850
2.9 (2.3, 3.4)
2.9 (2.5, 3.5)
0.593
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
1.0 (0.7, 1.5)
1.1 (0.9, 1.5)
0.093
0.8 (0.6, 1.4)
1.1 (0.8, 1.6)
0.345
1.0 (0.7, 1.5)
1.1 (0.9, 1.5)
0.158
AGT, abnormal glucose tolerance; AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HI, normal glucose tolerance with hyperinsulinemia; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, HOMA index; IGI, insulinogenic index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance without hyperinsulinemia; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SDS, standard deviation score; WBISI, whole-body insulin sensitivity index. Data are presented as median (IQR); comparing between all children with normal HbA1c and prediabetes HbA1c; comparing between prepubertal children with normal HbA1c and prediabetes HbA1c; and comparing between pubertal children with normal HbA1c and prediabetes HbA1c (Mann–Whitney U test for continuous data and chi-square test for categorical data).
