Study of Health-Related Quality of Life and Healthcare Utilization among Type 2 Diabetic Population in an Urban Area of Eastern Nepal

Table 3

Association of demographic characteristics with QOL domains.

Characteristics	Energy and mobility mean ± SD	Diabetes control mean ± SD	Anxiety and worry mean ± SD	Social overload mean ± SD	Sexual behavior mean ± SD	Overall QOL mean ± SD
Age in years
<50	33.40 ± 8.028	45.04 ± 8.08	54.04 ± 10.57	36.00 ± 10.20	26.91 ± 12.89	38.93 ± 7.20
>50	41.95 ± 8.49	51.10 ± 8.08	59.67 ± 10.87	42.42 ± 9.24	30.98 ± 13.61	45.80 ± 7.50
value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.014	<0.001
Gender
Male	38.13 ± 9.79	48.54 ± 8.43	56.32 ± 11.37	40.58 ± 9.631	29.90 ± 13.83	42.88 ± 8.25
Female	38.68 ± 8.79	48.64 ± 8.81	58.36 ± 10.72	38.91 ± 10.61	28.67 ± 13.06	43.02 ± 7.98
value	0.625	0.929	0.131	0.175	0.456	0.886
Ethnicity
Janajati	36.45 ± 8.83	46.56 ± 8.68	55.52 ± 11.89	38.33 ± 9.90	29.19 ± 13.45	41.20 ± 8.01
Brahmin/Chhetri	39.50 ± 9.90	49.52 ± 8.67	58.36 ± 11.03	39.81 ± 10.35	29.18 ± 14.06	43.77 ± 8.43
Others	39.36 ± 7.92	50.15 ± 7.63	58.23 ± 9.06	42.54 ± 9.66	29.8 ± 111.84	44.29 ± 6.81
value	0.038	0.015	0.140	0.068	0.960	0.030
Marital status
Unmarried	30.76 ± 10.09	35.95 ± 9.93	47.14 ± 8.14	31.71 ± 7.45	19.52 ± 9.87	33.30 ± 8.78
Married	38.54 ± 9.24	48.83 ± 8.42	57.53 ± 11.05	39.90 ± 10.13	29.47 ± 13.45	43.13 ± 8.00
value	0.063	0.001	0.038	0.074	0.101	0.007
Education
Illiterate	41.04 ± 8.54	49.83 ± 8.12	58.55 ± 11.23	42.27 ± 9.83	34.36 ± 12.53	45.18 ± 7.77
Literate	37.27 ± 9.40	48.06 ± 8.77	56.82 ± 11.01	38.67 ± 10.10	27.12 ± 13.26	41.99 ± 8.08
value	0.002	0.120	0.240	0.007	<0.001	0.003
Occupation
Unemployed	42.22 ± 9.41	50.65 ± 9.78	60.24 ± 12.30	42.87 ± 9.68	30.26 ± 12.78	45.83 ± 8.80
Employed	37.09 ± 8.90	47.88 ± 8.07	56.34 ± 10.48	38.68 ± 10.10	28.96 ± 13.68	41.96 ± 7.63
value	<0.001	0.037	0.020	0.003	0.489	0.001
Poverty line
<1.9	37.93 ± 09.28	47.32 ± 09.50	57.14 ± 12.52	39.55 ± 10.16	28.84 ± 13.31	42.30 ± 08.47
>1.9	38.54 ± 09.31	48.96 ± 08.31	57.40 ± 10.66	39.81 ± 10.16	29.42 ± 13.51	43.14 ± 08.01
value	0.651	0.192	0.874	0.860	0.767	0.476
Current smoking status
Yes	37.23 ± 8.86	46.11 ± 7.94	53.17 ± 11.48	38.67 ± 8.44	27.60 ± 14.21	41.04 ± 7.00
No	38.53 ± 9.35	48.86 ± 8.65	57.80 ± 10.96	38.87 ± 10.32	29.48 ± 13.37	43.17 ± 8.20
value	0.490	0.116	0.039	0.499	0.491	0.198
Current alcohol (drinking) status
Yes	35.09 ± 8.10	46.11 ± 6.96	53.63 ± 10.51	36.42 ± 7.57	26.11 ± 12.62	39.86 ± 6.06
No	39.35 ± 9.41	49.30 ± 8.91	58.40 ± 11.04	40.70 ± 10.60	30.20 ± 13.56	43.83 ± 8.41
value	0.002	0.004	0.003	0.001	0.037	<0.001
Blood pressure
Normotensive	37.22 ± 9.38	47.71 ± 8.27	56.30 ± 10.67	38.90 ± 9.89	28.22 ± 13.24	45.10 ± 8.30
Hypertensive	40.89 ± 8.64	50.43 ± 9.04	59.52 ± 11.66	41.55 ± 10.50	31.55 ± 13.65	41.93 ± 7.83
value	0.002	0.015	0.025	0.044	0.057	0.002
BMI (kg/m^2)
<25	39.64 ± 9.67	49.42 ± 8.61	59.03 ± 11.66	40.33 ± 10.52	29.67 ± 13.90	43.96 ± 8.53
>25	37.37 ± 8.87	47.89 ± 8.56	55.92 ± 10.41	39.27 ± 9.82	28.97 ± 13.09	42.11 ± 7.66
value	0.046	0.145	0.022	0.391	0.672	0.064
Duration of diabetes (years)
<5	34.88 ± 8.10	46.06 ± 8.32	55.48 ± 9.78	37.18 ± 9.93	26.45 ± 12.91	40.08 ± 7.20
>5	42.21 ± 8.99	51.39 ± 8.05	59.40 ± 12.07	42.61 ± 9.63	32.44 ± 13.37	46.13 ± 7.90
value	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Comorbidity
Yes	41.65 ± 8.54	51.20 ± 8.17	59.49 ± 11.17	42.20 ± 9.95	32.05 ± 13.92	39.17 ± 7.09
No	34.02 ± 8.45	45.07 ± 7.92	54.44 ± 10.31	36.45 ± 9.48	25.56 ± 11.84	45.75 ± 7.68
value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Complication
Yes	45.44 ± 8.96	53.96 ± 7.64	63.16 ± 11.37	44.95 ± 8.70	31.60 ± 13.33	48.75 ± 7.58
No	36.77 ± 8.60	47.34 ± 8.35	55.98 ± 10.60	38.54 ± 10.09	28.75 ± 13.44	41.60 ± 7.63
value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.173	<0.001
Family history of diabetes
Yes	39.09 ± 9.82	50.11 ± 8.48	59.30 ± 10.82	40.33 ± 10.06	28.78 ± 13.92	43.92 ± 8.34
No	37.29 ± 8.29	46.12 ± 8.26	54.16 ± 10.80	38.82 ± 10.24	30.12 ± 12.65	41.38 ± 7.50
value	0.109	<0.001	<0.001	0.235	0.429	0.012
OHA	38.25 ± 8.68	48.82 ± 7.60	57.37 ± 10.13	39.68 ± 9.79	29.57 ± 13.28	42.11 ± 6.33
Insulin	45.63 ± 8.40	54.41 ± 6.989	63.86 ± 11.07	44.45 ± 8.65	26.19 ± 14.28	48.51 ± 6.50
Both	44.90 ± 8.79	55.52 ± 5.63	65.05 ± 9.62	47.14 ± 9.50	37.75 ± 10.00	47.44 ± 4.99
value	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	0.005	0.442	0.025
Hospital visit in last 6 months
Yes	38.72 ± 8.98	49.11 ± 7.85	57.72 ± 10.38	39.77 ± 10.05	29.39 ± 13.25	43.28 ± 7.60
No	33.70 ± 12.51	40.82 ± 14.33	51.68 ± 18.21	39.41 ± 11.77	27.8 ± 17.65	38.01 ± 12.90
value	0.031	0.031	0.194	0.885	0.732	0.115
Private doctor in last 6 months
Yes	38.46 ± 8.93	48.97 ± 7.94	57.45 ± 10.12	39.97 ± 9.92	28.83 ± 12.70	43.09 ± 7.52
No	38.18 ± 10.72	47.06 ± 10.81	56.88 ± 14.40	38.89 ± 11.02	31.12 ± 16.10	42.38 ± 10.20
value	0.845	0.228	0.781	0.483	0.334	0.630
ER visit in last 6 months
Yes	44.80 ± 8.51	54.76 ± 8.24	63.31 ± 11.36	45.84 ± 9.64	33.33 ± 13.60	49.01 ± 7.84
No	37.84 ± 9.17	48.04 ± 8.44	56.81 ± 10.92	39.21 ± 10.02	28.93 ± 13.40	42.41 ± 7.92
value	0.001	<0.001	0.008	0.003	0.142	<0.001
Hospital admission in last 6 months
Yes	43.87 ± 11.43	52.68 ± 11.96	60.50 ± 15.90	44.82 ± 11.53	34.52 ± 13.85	47.68 ± 11.20
No	38.06 ± 9.06	48.33 ± 8.31	57.14 ± 10.72	39.43 ± 9.99	28.96 ± 13.38	42.65 ± 7.80
value	0.015	0.050	0.242	0.039	0.109	0.016