Association between Bone Mineral Density and Severity of Chronic Kidney Disease
Table 1
Comparison of sample characteristics between those with chronic kidney disease according to current chronic kidney disease status.
Healthy (N = 9478)
CKD group (N = 1572)
value1
Stage I (N = 532)
Stage II (N = 381)
Stage III (N = 597)
Stage IV (N = 62)
value2
Age, years (mean±SD)
45.71 ± 15.38
60.42 ± 16.68
<0.001
45.44 ± 13.68
63.38 ± 13.48
71.18 ± 10.39
67.11 ± 12.68
<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
98.21 ± 18.01
74.76 ± 28.79
<0.001
108.18 ± 11.88
76.03 ± 8.67
50.07 ± 7.63
17.90 ± 8.69
<0.0001
BMI, kg/m2(mean±SD)
27.99 ± 5.55
28.69 ± 5.94
<0.001
29.14 ± 6.85
28.64 ± 5.62
28.36 ± 5.25
28.22 ± 5.54
0.148
FN BMD (g/cm2)
0.96 ± 0.17
0.91 ± 0.18
<0.0001
0.96 ± 0.17
0.90 ± 0.19
0.88 ± 0.17
0.82 ± 0.19
<0.0001
LS BMD (g/cm2)
1.03 ± 0.15
1.03 ± 0.18
0.114
1.04 ± 0.15
1.02 ± 0.18
1.02 ± 0.19
1.05 ± 0.20
0.227
Laboratorial test
Albumin (g/dl)
4.27 ± 0.31
4.16 ± 0.34
<0.001
4.19 ± 0.36
4.19 ± 0.33
4.14 ± 0.31
3.93 ± 0.49
<0.0001
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)
68.11 ± 22.68
74.96 ± 31.41
<0.001
75.48 ± 38.03
75.83 ± 27.45
71.91 ± 25.13
94.47 ± 38.26
<0.0001
Total calcium (mg/dL)
9.45 ± 0.35
9.46 ± 0.41
0.424
9.44 ± 0.39
9.51 ± 0.40
9.46 ± 0.39
9.26 ± 0.55
<0.0001
Phosphorus (mg/dL)
3.76 ± 0.55
3.77 ± 0.62
0.724
3.71 ± 0.56
3.69 ± 0.57
3.77 ± 0.56
4.63 ± 1.13
<0.0001
25(OH)D3
26.02 ± 9.8
26.81 ± 9.7
0.123
26.72 ± 9.6
27.22 ± 9.5
26.89 ± 9.6
26.62 ± 10.1
0.248
Glycohemoglobin, %
5.56 ± 0.84
6.21 ± 1.60
<0.001
6.34 ± 1, 96
6.35 ± 1.73
6.01 ± 1.05
6.26 ± 1.69
0.01
Gender (n, %)
0.091
<0.0001
Male
4782 (50.5%)
757 (48.2%)
205 (38.5%)
197 (51.7%)
324 (54.3%)
31 (50.0%)
Female
4696 (49.5%)
815 (51.8%)
327 (61.5%)
184 (48.3%)
273 (45.7%)
31 (50.0%)
Race (n, %)
<0.001
<0.0001
Non-Hispanic white
1915 (20.2%)
274 (17.4%)
157 (29.5%)
62 (16.3%)
50 (8.4%)
5 (8.1%)
Non-Hispanic black
903 (9.5%)
132 (8.4%)
58 (10.9%)
35 (9.2%)
37 (6.2%)
2 (3.2%)
Mexican–American
4486 (47.3%)
768 (48.9%)
170 (32.0%)
187 (49.1%)
389 (65.2%)
22 (35.5%)
Other Hispanic
1743 (18.4%)
343 (21.8%)
120 (22.6%)
83 (21.8%)
109 (18.3%)
31 (50.0%)
Other race
431 (4.5%)
55 (3.5%)
27 (5.1%)
14 (3.6%)
12 (2.0%)
2 (3.2%)
Fracture history (n, %)
Previous hip fracture
100 (1.1%)
31 (2.0%)
0.008
8 (1.5%)
10 (2.6%)
13 (2.2%)
—
0.615
Previous wrist fracture
825 (8.7%)
156 (9.9%)
0.290
39 (7.3%)
44 (11.5%)
66 (11.1%)
7 (11.3%)
0.159
Previous spine fracture
150 (1.6%)
29 (1.8%)
0.510
8 (1.5%)
7 (1.8%)
14 (2.3%)
—
0.714
Previous other site fractures
1940 (20.5%)
368 (23.4%)
0.025
96 (18.0%)
97 (25.5%)
157 (26.3%)
18 (29.0%)
0.022
Lifetime smoking (n, %)
0.011
0.247
<100 cigarettes
4314 (45.5%)
770 (49.0%)
246 (46.2%)
187 (49.1%)
301 (50.4%)
36 (58.1%)
≥100 cigarettes
5164 (54.5%)
802 (51.0%)
286 (53.8%)
194 (50.9%)
296 (49.6%)
26 (41.9%)
Menopause (n, %)
1731 (18.3%)
506 (32.2%)
<0.001
98 (18.4%)
131 (34.4%)
254 (42.5%)
23 (37.1%)
<0.0001
Medication (n, %)
Antiresorptive drugs
103 (1.1%)
43 (2.7%)
<0.001
3 (0.6%)
12 (3.1%)
27 (4.5%)
1 (1.6%)
<0.0001
ACEI
815 (8.6%)
391 (24.9%)
<0.001
78 (14.7%)
106 (27.8%)
188 (31.5%)
19 (30.6%)
<0.0001
Estrogen
91 (1.0%)
18 (1.1%)
0.892
1 (0.2%)
6 (1.6%)
10 (1.7%)
1 (1.6%)
<0.0001
Loop diuretics
95 (1.0%)
126 (8.0%)
<0.001
8 (1.5%)
24 (6.3%)
74 (12.4%)
21 (33.9%)
<0.0001
Glucocorticoids
381 (4.0%)
108 (6.9%)
<0.001
28 (5.3%)
18 (4.7%)
52 (8.7%)
10 (16.1%)
<0.0001
Known comorbidities (n, %)
Diabetes mellitus
645 (6.8%)
399 (25.4%)
<0.001
125 (23.5%)
113 (29.7%)
132 (22.1%)
29 (46.8%)
<0.0001
Coronary heart disease
206 (2.2%)
141 (9.0%)
<0.001
13 (2.4%)
43 (11.3%)
69 (11.6%)
16 (25.8%)
<0.0001
Arthritis
1995 (21.0%)
570 (36.3%)
<0.001
112 (21.1%)
146 (38.3%)
281 (47.1%)
31 (50.0%)
<0.001
Congestive heart failure
89 (0.9%)
74 (4.7%)
<0.001
9 (1.7%)
24 (6.3%)
31 (5.2%)
10 (16.1%)
<0.0001
Stroke
176 (1.9%)
113 (7.2%)
<0.001
16 (3.0%)
28 (7.3%)
55 (9.2%)
14 (22.6%)
<0.0001
Chronic bronchitis
471 (5.0%)
129 (8.2%)
<0.001
32 (6.0%)
31 (8.1%)
59 (9.9%)
7 (11.3%)
0.061
Year cycles (n, %)
2005–2006
2368 (25.0%)
447 (28.4%)
<0.001
126 (23.7%)
97 (25.5%)
206 (34.5%)
18 (29.0%)
<0.0001
2007–2008
2662 (28.1%)
492 (31.3%)
<0.001
180 (33.8%)
113 (29.7%)
183 (30.7%)
16 (25.8%)
0.384
2009–2010
3068 (32.4%)
389 (24.7%)
<0.001
143 (26.9%)
89 (23.4%)
143 (24.0%)
14 (22.6%)
0.562
2013–2014
1380 (14.6%)
244 (15.5%)
0.319
83 (15.6%)
82 (21.5%)
65 (10.9%)
14 (22.6%)
<0.0001
Values are the means ± SE or n (%), as appropriate. values1 by Student’s t tests or nonparametric tests for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables; was considered statistically significant. values2 by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and the Chi-squared test for categorical variables; was considered statistically significant. FN, femoral neck; LS, lumbar spine; BMD, bone mineral density; CKD: chronic kidney disease; NHANES: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
