A Higher Serum Anion Gap Is Associated with the Risk of Progressing to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of participants by tertiles of serum anion gap.

	By tertiles of serum anion gap			value	Overall
	Low (≤12.51)	Middle (12.52–14.80)	High (≥14.81)
n	397	397	397		1191
Age (years)	34.6 (9.88)	32.7 (8.18)	30.7 (6.53)	<0.0001	32.6 (8.46)
Sex
Male	161 (40.6%)	209 (52.6%)	262 (66.0%)	<0.0001	632 (53.1%)
Female	236 (59.4%)	188 (47.4%)	135 (34.0%)		559 (46.9%)
Height (cm)	166 (8.59)	169 (8.72)	170 (8.28)	<0.0001	168 (8.65)
Weight (kg)	64.1 (13.3)	67.4 (13.8)	69.2 (13.9)	<0.0001	66.9 (13.8)
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	23.0 (3.46)	23.4 (3.56)	23.8 (3.65)	0.0053	23.4 (3.57)
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.04 (0.33)	5.04 (0.34)	4.97 (0.34)	0.0016	5.02 (0.34)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	109 (12.5)	112 (12.1)	114 (12.7)	<0.0001	112 (12.6)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	71.0 (9.07)	73.4 (8.48)	75.6 (8.75)	<0.0001	73.3 (8.96)
ALT (U/L)	21.1 (16.8)	24.4 (17.7)	28.0 (20.6)	<0.0001	24.5 (18.6)
K^+ (mmol/L)	4.13 (0.273)	4.19 (0.314)	4.23 (0.310)	<0.0001	4.18 (0.302)
Ca^2+ (mmol/L)	2.37 (1.06)	2.36 (0.0808)	2.38 (0.0792)	0.89	2.37 (0.613)
AST (U/L)	25.3 (8.89)	26.5 (8.11)	28.6 (8.41)	<0.0001	26.8 (8.58)
HDL (mmol/L)	1.48 (0.361)	1.43 (0.367)	1.40 (0.357)	0.015	1.44 (0.363)
LDL (mmol/L)	2.80 (0.688)	2.92 (0.829)	2.99 (0.700)	0.001	2.90 (0.744)
Cr (umol/L)	68.4 (14.7)	71.7 (14.1)	76.0 (14.6)	<0.0001	72.1 (14.8)
Albumin (g/L)	43.4 (2.74)	44.3 (2.71)	45.5 (2.62)	<0.0001	44.4 (2.82)
IFG/DM
Yes	10 (2.5%)	16 (4.0%)	32 (8.1%)	0.001	58 (4.9%)
No	387 (97.5%)	381 (96.0%)	365 (91.9%)		1133 (95.1%)

Data are n (%) or mean (SD). ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Cr, serum creatinine. Fasting glucose (IFG)/diabetes mellitus (DM).