Early Onset Age Increased the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Duration of 10–20 Years and HbA1C ≥7%: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients.

	Onset age ≤45 years (n = 338)	Onset age ≥55 years (n = 79)
Age (years)	53.58 ± 6.65	74.27 ± 5.59	<0.001
Duration of diabetes (years)	15.29 ± 3.51	13.66 ± 3.57	<0.001
Male, n (%)	210 (62.1%)	45 (57.0%)	0.396
Smoking status, n (%)
Never	178 (52.7%)	64 (81.0%)	<0.001
Former	44 (13.0%)	10 (12.7%)
Current	116 (34.3%)	5 (6.3%)
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.87 ± 3.34	25.82 ± 3.41	0.908
HbA1c (%)	9.19 ± 1.49	9.05 ± 1.58	0.460
Fasting blood C-peptide (ng/ml)	1.74 ± 1.15	2.07 ± 1.31	0.245
FBG (mmol/l)	8.28 ± 2.76	8.37 ± 2.46	0.807
SBP (mmHg)	133.78 ± 17.14	135.61 ± 19.10	0.485
DBP (mmHg)	78.39 ± 10.68	74.93 ± 12.39	0.037
Scr (mmol/l)	69.17 ± 22.44	80.15 ± 26.27	<0.001
UA (mmol/l)	345.05 ± 82.48	333.87 ± 90.75	0.291
ALT (U/l)	22.82 ± 15.56	19.42 ± 12.78	0.162
AST (U/l)	22.28 ± 13.25	21.44 ± 9.64	0.154
TC (mmol/l)	4.59 ± 1.17	3.96 ± 0.93	<0.001
TG (mmol/l)	2.21 ± 1.83	1.59 ± 0.97	<0.001
LDL (mmol/l)	2.71 ± 0.97	2.29 ± 0.79	<0.001
Antidiabetic treatment, n (%)
Oral hypoglycemia agent	318 (94.1%)	73 (92.4%)	0.579
Insulin	304 (89.9%)	56 (70.9%)	<0.001
GLP-1RA	20 (5.9%)	2 (2.5%)	0.226
DR (%)	183 (54.1%)	22 (27.8%)	<0.001
PDR (%)	86 (25.4%)	11 (13.9%)	<0.001

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Scr, serum creatinine; UA, uric acid; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GLP-1RA, GLP-1 receptor agonist; DR, diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.