The Age-Dependent Increase of Metabolic Syndrome Requires More Extensive and Aggressive Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Italian Cohort of Obese Women

Table 2

Values of the parameters adopted as criteria by IDF for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia, and hypertension) and number of the altered parameters in accordance with the cut-offs established by IDF in the entire obese population of our study and in the patients with or without metabolic syndrome, subdivided among age ranges.

IDF parameter	18–30	31–40	41–50	51–60	61–70	>70	β1	Y-intercept
WC (cm)
ALL patients	118.1 ± 16.1	119.5 ± 13.2	119.7 ± 12.2	122.0 ± 12.6	123.2 ± 11.3	120.6 ± 9.4	0.1029	115.70	<0.001
MetS+	124.0 ± 22.7^a	124.3 ± 13.0^a	122.3 ± 13.1^a	124.5 ± 12.4^a	123.7 ± 11.0	120.9 ± 8.8	−0.0209	124.70	0.620
MetS-	116.1 ± 12.7	114.5 ± 11.5	115.8 ± 11.3	116.3 ± 11.3	121.6 ± 12.0	120.0 ± 10.8	0.1038	112.00	0.009
HDL-C (mg/dl)
ALL patients	47.6 ± 11.2	46.4 ± 12.8	48.3 ± 11.9	51.2 ± 12.7	51.1 ± 12.5	51.2 ± 12.4	0.1232	43.31	<0.001
MetS+	41.7 ± 7.7^a	40.6 ± 9.5^a	43.3 ± 8.6^a	47.1 ± 11.4^a	47.8 ± 11.7^a	47.6 ± 12.1^a	0.2058	34.51	<0.001
MetS-	49.6 ± 11.6	52.5 ± 12.9	55.7 ± 12.1	60.4 ± 10.5	61.6 ± 8.4	60.1 ± 8.3	0.2843	42.94	<0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
ALL patients	108.8 ± 62.5	133.1 ± 75.0	134.4 ± 65.1	138.9 ± 64.8	134.7 ± 61.1	131.9 ± 57.5	0.3873	112.8	0.009
MetS+	159.6 ± 96.4^a	164.8 ± 89.6^a	158.9 ± 70.1^a	158.0 ± 67.1^a	145.8 ± 63.5^a	145.0 ± 62.2^a	−0.4924	181.4	0.036
MetS-	91.4 ± 30.9	100.2 ± 32.5	98.3 ± 32.5	95.5 ± 28.4	99.2 ± 34.3	100.0 ± 22.9	0.1148	91.34	0.272
Glucose (mg/dl)
ALL patients	79.0 ± 19.8	86.5 ± 21.8	95.2 ± 30.8	102.6 ± 33.5	104.1 ± 30.4	106.9 ± 35.0	0.6070	66.06	<0.001
MetS+	89.3 ± 35.0^a	93.4 ± 28.0^a	102.8 ± 37.4^a	111.0 ± 36.8^a	108.9 ± 32.4^a	114.9 ± 38.1^a	0.5345	77.30	<0.001
MetS-	75.5 ± 8.5	79.5 ± 8.2	83.9 ± 8.4	83.5 ± 7.8	88.7 ± 15.2	85.8 ± 9.0	0.2632	69.94	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
ALL patients	119.6 ± 10.8	123.9 ± 11.4	125.5 ± 14.0	128.7 ± 13.7	132.0 ± 15.5	131.0 ± 16.1	0.2724	113.40	<0.001
MetS+	129.4 ± 12.4^a	127.0 ± 11.8^a	127.1 ± 13.7^a	129.6 ± 14.0	131.7 ± 13.8	130.0 ± 15.8	0.1166	123.10	0.011
MetS-	116.2 ± 7.8	120.7 ± 10.0	123.0 ± 14.1	126.7 ± 13.1	132.7 ± 20.1	133.5 ± 16.9	0.3643	107.10	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
ALL patients	74.3 ± 8.3	77.5 ± 8.6	76.3 ± 8.0	77.7 ± 7.3	77.6 ± 7.4	75.8 ± 9.1	0.0449	74.55	0.013
MetS+	79.8 ± 9.2^a	79.3 ± 8.3^a	76.7 ± 7.9	77.7 ± 7.5	77.3 ± 7.0	75.3 ± 8.7	−0.0507	80.24	0.050
MetS-	72.4 ± 7.2	75.7 ± 8.6	75.6 ± 8.1	77.5 ± 6.7	78.5 ± 8.6	77.0 ± 9.9	0.1173	70.44	<0.001
Altered parameters (n)
ALL patients	2.1 ± 1.0	2.6 ± 1.1	2.9 ± 1.1	3.2 ± 1.2	3.4 ± 1.2	3.3 ± 1.1	0.0265	1.63	<0.001
MetS+	3.5 ± 0.7^a	3.5 ± 0.8^a	3.6 ± 0.7^a	3.8 ± 0.8^a	3.9 ± 0.8^a	3.8 ± 0.8^a	0.0107	3.17	<0.001
MetS-	1.6 ± 0.5	1.7 ± 0.5	1.7 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.4	1.9 ± 0.3	0.0037	1.55	0.013

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS-, negative for metabolic syndrome; MetS+, positive for metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference. a: versus the corresponding MetS- subgroup (Student's t-test for unpaired data). Values of β1, Y-intercept, and refer to the linear regression performed by using all data within each subgroup (MetS+ or MetS−) or the entire population (MetS+/MetS−).