The Effect of Irisin as a Metabolic Regulator and Its Therapeutic Potential for Obesity

Table 1

Summarizing the anti-inflammatory effects of irisin in various inflammation models.

Study (reference)	Intervention	Main findings
Adipocytes [93]	3T3-L1 cells stimulated by LPS	TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB↓
Macrophages [95]	RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by LPS	IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, KC, HMGB1, and NF-κB↓
Adipocytes and macrophages [96]	3T3 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 cells coculture and stimulated by LPS	IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, MCP-1, and HMGB1↓
Peritoneal macrophages [60]	Mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated by LPS	Phenotypic switching of peritoneal macrophages from M1 ⟶ M2
INS-1E β cells [108]	INS-1E β cells stimulated by glucolipotoxic conditions	COX2, CCL2, CXCL1, and NF-κB↓
Clinical disease
Atherosclerotic [100]	HFD Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and carotid partial ligation mouse model	IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and NF-κB↓
Ali [99]	LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model; LPS-induced A549 cells	IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, MAPK, and NF-κB↓
IBDs [105, 106]	TNBS-induced IBD rats	Gut and osteocyte proinflammatory cytokines↓; bone formation↑, osteoclast surface↓
	DSS-induced IBD rats	Improved colon inflammation; bone formation rate↑, osteoclast surface, and osteocyte proinflammatory factors↓
Hepatic steatosis [107]	PA-induced AML12 cells and mouse primary hepatocytes	NF-κB, COX-2, p38 MAPK, TNF-α, IL-6, and PRMT3↓
Liver injury [111]	LPS-mediated liver injury	IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB↓

LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6, interleukin 6; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CXCL1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1; ICAM-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1; ALI, acute lung injury; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; IBDs, inflammatory bowel diseases; TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; PA, palmitic acid; PRMT3, protein arginine methyltransferase-3.