The Accuracy of Visceral Adiposity Index for the Screening of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of the included studies.

First author (year)	Study design	Country	MetS (% female)	Control (% female)	Age mean ± SD, median (IQR/range)	Comorbidity	MetS criteria	VAI cut-off values	Area under the curve (CI 95, value)
Adejumo (2019)	Cross-sectional	Nigeria	123 (81.3%)	412 (70.1%)	47.04 ± 14.70		IDF	0.84 (M) 1.15 (F)	0.687 (0.587–0.786) (M) 0.745 (0.684–0.805) (F)
Al-Batsh (2018)	Cross-sectional	Jordan	59	29	49.78 ± 11.21		IDF	NR	NR
Al-Daghri (2015)	Cohort	Saudi Arabia	3317	3504	43.07 ± 15.70		IDF	NR	0.814 (0.80–0.829), (2008) 0.837 (0.82–0.853), (2013)
Amato (2011)	Cross-sectional	Italy	NR	NR	47.80 ± 18.28		ATP-III	2.52 (<30 years) 2.23 (30, <42) 1.92 (42, <52) 1.93 (52, <66) 2.00 (66≤)	0.997 ± 0.003 (<30 years) 0.898 ± 0.061 (30, <42) 0.852 ± 0.037 (42, <52) 0.840 ± 0.028(52, <66) 0.783 ± 0.025 (66≤) for all groups
Anık İlhan (2019)	Cross-sectional	Turkey	63 (100%)	137 (100%)	52.06 ± 5.82	Postmenopausal women	ATP-III	2.04	0.88 (0.83–0.94), NR
Barazzoni (2018)	Cohort	Italy	492	1453	49 ± 13		ATP-III	NR	NR
Baveicy (2020)	Cross-sectional	Iran	NR	NR	48.14 ± 8.25		IDF	4.28 (M) 4.11 (F)	0.86 (0.85–0.87) (M) 0.82 (0.81–0.84) (F) for all groups
Bil (2016)	Cross-sectional	Turkey	22 (100%)	78 (100%)	22.31 ± 5.77	Polycystic ovarian syndrome	ATP-III	NR	NR
Chen (2016)	Cross-sectional	China	238	173	48.80 ± 13.62	Obstructive sleep apnea	ATP-III	2.28	0.836 (0.797–0.875),
de Oliveira (2017)	Cross-sectional	Brazil	NR	NR	80.2 ± 9.0		JIS	2.26	0.641 (0.564–0.718),
Diez-Rodriguez (2014)	Cross-sectional	Spain	70	69	43.81 ± 10.6		ATP-III	NR	NR
Elisha (2013)	Cohort	Canada	20 (100%)	79 (100%)	58.1 ± 4.7	Obese and overweight postmenopausal women	ATP-III	2.6	0.95 (0.88–0.97),
Ercin (2015)	Cohort	Turkey	20	195	32.11 (IQR: 20–53)	Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	ATP-III	NR	NR
Ferrau (2017)	Cohort (retrospective)	Italy	2	22	38.3 ± 15.4		IDF	NR	NR
Gu (2018)	Cross-sectional	China	2718 (70.9%)	4004 (42.9%)	70.08 ± 7.50		IDF	1.63 (M) 2.05 (F)	0.865 (0.853–0.877) (M) 0.856 (0.844–0.867) (F) for all groups
Guo (2016)	Cross-sectional	China	2565 (58%)	7464 (55.6%)	45.36 ± 14.37		JIS	1.71 (M) 1.67 (F)	0.789 (0.772–0.805) (M), 0.761 (0.747–0.775) (F),
Huang (2020)	Cross-sectional	China	417	387	NR	Susceptible for diabetes	ATP-III	1.94 (M) 1.67 (F)	0.804 (0.758–0.849) (M) 0.783 (0.738–0.827) (F) for all groups
Jung (2020)	Cohort	Korea	1728	4079	50.8 ± 8.7		IDF	2.05	0.660 (0.646–0.675),
Kouli (2017)	NR	Greece	484	1536	38.0 ± 19.4		JIS	2.4	NR
Lee (2018)	Cross-sectional	South Korea	455 (100%)	3481 (100%)	52.14 ± 10.97		ATP-III	NR	0.88 (0.86–0.90),
Li (2018)	Cross-sectional	China	375	617	66.07 ± 9.9		IDF, ATP-III	2.01 (IDF) 2.03 (ATP-III)	0.783 (0.752–0.814) (IDF), 0.830 (0.804–0.856) (ATP-III),
Loureiro (2019)	Cross-sectional	Brazil	150	73	41.20 ± 10.15	Class III obesity	ATP-III	NR
Ma (2017)	Cross-sectional	China	507 (42.9%)	204 (45%)	54.18 ± 12.82		Chinese Diabetes Society	35.7 (M) 44.0 (F)	0.894 (0.863–0.925) (M) 0.894 (0.863–0.925) (F) for all groups
Motamed (2017)	Cross-sectional	Iran	1768 (58.7%)	3544 (36.7%)	43.06 ± 15.04		IDF, ATP-III, AHA, JIS	NR	0.829 (0.813–0.846) (M) (IDF) 0.894 (0.881–0.907) (F) (IDF) 0.866 (0.850–0.881) (M) (ATP-III) 0.888 (0.875–0.902) (F) (ATP-III) 0.859 (0.844–0.873) (M) (AHA update of ATP-III) 0.883 (0.869–0.897) (F) (AHA update of ATP-III) 0.876 (0.863–0.889) (M) (JIS) 0.879 (0.864–0.894) (F) (JIS) for all groups
Okosun (2020)	Cross-sectional	USA	1016	2419	53.98 ± 17.28		IDF	NR	NR
Omuse (2017)	Cross-sectional	Kenya	135	393	39 (range: 18–65)		JIS	2.06	0.858 (0.818–0.897),
Pekgor (2019)	NR	Turkey	41	51	38.80 ± 0.96	Overweight and obese population	IDF	2.2	0.818 (0.732–0.903),
Rashid (2020)	Cross-sectional	India	NR	NR	NR	Polycystic ovarian syndrome	ATP-III	2.2	0.738 (NR), NR
Shin (2019)	Cross-sectional	South Korea	1888	13602	51.18 ± 9.10		AHA	1.83	0.888 (0.882–0895),
Stefanescu (2020)	Cross-sectional	Peru	403	1115	39.30 ± 15.07		ATP-III	NR	NR
Štěpánek (2019)	Cross-sectional	Czech Republic	226	557	46.45 ± 14.57		IDF	2.37	0.878 (0.853–0.903),
Sung (2020)	Cross-sectional	South Korea	1116	3264	51.65 ± 16.18		ATP-III	2.43	NR
Techatraisak (2016)	Cross-sectional	Thailand	98 (100%)	301 (100%)	25.42 ± 5.6		IDF	5.6	0.94 (0.91–0.97),

MetS: metabolic syndrome; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; ATP III: adult treatment panel III; AHA: American Heart Association; JIS: joint interim statement; M: male; F: female; and NR: not reported.