Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies.

Authors, year	Country (study period)	Study design	Sample size (male %)	Age (mean ± SD)	Metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria	Outcome (diagnostic criteria)	BMD
							Measurement	Site
Kim et al. 2013 [18]	Korean (2008–2010)	Cross-sectional study	3,207 (46.7)	52.0 ± 0.4	Harmonized criteria	Normal BMD vs. decreased BMD^a (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip
Maghraoui et al. 2014 [19]	Morocco (2012–2013)	Cross-sectional study	270 (0.0)	61.0 ± 7.8	NCEPATP III	Nonosteoporosis^b vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip
Lee et al. 2015 [20]	Korea (2010–2011)	Cross-sectional study	3305 (46.5)	63.0 ± 8.4	NCEPATP III	Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck and lumbar spine
Eckstein et al. 2016 [21]	Germany (2011–2014)	Cross-sectional study	1,402 (48.9)	68.1 ± 3.5	Harmonized criteria	Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip
Abbasi et al. 2017 [22]	Iran (NA)	Cross-sectional study	143 (0.0)	56.8 ± 7.8	NCEPATP III	Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck and lumbar spine
Heidari et al. 2017 [23]	Iran (2011–2012)	Cross-sectional study	553 (100.0)	70.7 ± 7.7	NCEPATP III	Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck and lumbar spine
Chen et al. 2018 [15]	China (2011–2016)	Cross-sectional study	938 (0.0)	61.2 ± 13.8	CDS	Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip
Loke et al. 2018 [13]	Taiwan (2014–2015)	Cross-sectional study	1162 (59.5)	59.9 ± 7.3	NCEPATP III	Normal BMD vs. decreased BMD (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Radius head, femoral neck, and total hip
Lin et al. 2018 [14]	Taiwan (NA)	Cross-sectional study	2007 (52.1)	58.9 ± NA	NCEPATP III	Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria)	DEXA	Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip

Note. SD, standard deviance; BMD, bone mineral density; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; NA, not available; CDS, Chinese Diabetes Society; NCEPATP III, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. ^aDecreased BMD includes both osteopenia and osteoporosis. ^bNonosteoporosis includes both normal BMD and osteopenia.