Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets with Low-Fat Diets for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Table 1

Characteristics of the trials and baseline of the enrolled participants.

Trails	Country	Number of participants(n) (LC/LF)	Attrition (%) (LC/LF)	Duration of diabetes (years)	Intervention measures		Age (years) (LC/LF)	Female (%) (LC/LF)
					LC group	LF group
Chen et al. (2020) [24]	China	47/45	6/8.5	10.1/9.7	≤90 g of carbohydrate daily	≤30% fat	63.1/64.1	26/26
Daly et al. (2005) [25]	UK	51/51	21.5/23	NA	≤70 g of carbohydrate daily	Unclear	58.2/59.1	51/53
Davis et al. (2009) [26]	USA	55/50	14.5/12	NA	0–25 g increasing by 5 g increments each week	25% fat	54/53	45/37
Goday et al. (2016) [27]	Spain	45/44	11/18	NA	50 g of carbohydrate daily	<30% fat	54.89/54.17	67/64
Guldbrand et al. (2012) [28]	Sweden	30/31	0/0	NA	20% carbohydrate	30% fat	61.2/62.7	53/58
Saslow et al. (2017,1) [29]	USA	12/13	8/46	5.3/5.7	20–50 g of carbohydrate daily	Unclear	53/58.2	50/69
Saslow et al. (2017,2) [30]	USA	16/18	12.5/16.7	NA	20–50 g of carbohydrate daily	45–50% carbohydrate	64.8/55.1	56/89
Sato et al. (2017) [31]	Japan	33/33	9/3	14/13	130g of carbohydrate daily	50–60% carbohydrate	60.5/58.4	23/25
Tay et al. (2017) [32]	Australia	58/57	43/51	6/8	14% carbohydrate	<30% fat	58/58	36/49
Yamada et al. (2013) [33]	Japan	12/12	0/0	8.9/9.5	70–130 g of carbohydrate daily	≤25% fat	63.3/63.2	42/58
Perna et al. (2019) [34]	Italy	8/9	0/0	NA	<125 g of carbohydrate daily	25–30% fat	59.50/67.78	35.9/29.4
Nielsen et al. (2005) [35]	Sweden	16/15	0/0	13/8.5	20% carbohydrate	25% fat	57.1/58.6	NA
Trails	HbA1c (%) (LC/LF)	Bodyweight (kg) (LC/LF)	BMI (kg/m^2)	TC (mg/dL) (LC/LF)	HDL-C (mg/dL) (LC/LF)	LDL-C (mg/dL) (LC/LF)	TG (mg/dL) (LC/LF)	Length of follow-up
Chen et al. (2020) [24]	8.47/8.7	69.69/68.34	27.31/26.55	180.12/174.95	47.21/43.61	103.02/103.87	163.70/177.81	1.5 years
Daly et al. (2005) [25]	9/9.11	101.6/102.3	35.4/36.7	188/191	46/47	NA	220/228	3 months
Davis et al. (2009) [26]	7.5/7.4	93.6/101	35/37	170/166	50/46	97/93	124/124	1 year
Goday et al. (2016) [27]	6.89/6.88	91.47/81.54	33.25/32.88	200.1/199.4	55.9/55.1	112.7/109.8	150.5/176.1	4 months
Guldbrand et al. (2012) [28]	7.5/7.2	91.4/98.8	31.6/33.8	174/166	44/42	104/93	151/159	2 years
Saslow et al. (2017,1) [29]	7.1/7.2	109.7/90.9	NA	174.1/151.5	45.7/53.9	96.9/90.5	NA	8 months
Saslow et al. (2017,2) [30]	6.6/6.9	99.9/97.5	35.9/36.9	106.5/160.3	48.4/45.8	88.7/98.1	102.6/158.9	1 year
Sato et al. (2017) [31]	8.0/8.3	74/73.6	26.7/26.5	NA	43.5/47.0	101.5/97	143.5/148.5	6 months
Tay et al. (2017) [32]	NA	101.7/101.6	34.2/35.1	174/166	46/50	97/92	142/124	2 years
Yamada et al. (2013) [33]	7.6/7.7	67/68.1	24.5/27	NA	62.8/59.8	99.8/112.2	141.7/155.2	6 months
Perna et al. (2019) [34]	5.90/5.99	81.56/88.52	30.30/32.41	183.75/174.67	48.50/46.44	103.23/97.42	159.38/154.00	3 months
Nielsen et al. (2005) [35]	NA	100.6/101.5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	6 months

LC: low-carbohydrate diet; LF: low-fat diet. HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; BMI: body mass index; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.