| Variables | Male (n = 4,134) | Female (n = 5,480) | t or x² | p value | n (%) or M ± SE | n (%) or M ± SE |
| Age (years) | 52.39 ± 0.15 | 52.81 ± 0.15 | 7.20 | 0.008 | Living with | Spouse or children | 3,748 (91.1) | 5,005 (92.9) | 6.54 | 0.011 | Living alone | 386 (8.9) | 475 (7.1) | Education | ≤Middle school | 1,330 (25.6) | 2,085 (32.9) | 129.18 | ≤0.001 | High school | 1,223 (31.6) | 1,853 (37.4) | ≥College | 1,581 (42.8) | 1,542 (29.6) | Household income (10,000 won/month) | ≤100 | 455 (9.8) | 788 (13.1) | 36.16 | ≤0.001 | 101–300 | 2,181 (52.7) | 2,915 (53.7) | ≥300 | 1,498 (37.5) | 1,777 (33.2) | Occupation | Managerial/professional | 1,194 (32.5) | 1,002 (19.1) | 181.13 | ≤0.001 | Service/sales | 360 (10.0) | 997 (19.4) | Routine/manual | 1,508 (37.7) | 995 (17.6) | Unemployed/housewife | 1,072 (19.7) | 2,486 (43.8) | Perceived health status | Good | 1,169 (30.5) | 1,324 (25.0) | 42.96 | ≤0.001 | Moderate | 2,457 (56.9) | 3,196 (57.5) | Poor | 508 (12.6) | 960 (17.5) |
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