|
| Organ | Hawthorn extract | Dose(s)/route/duration/animal | Effects | Reference (s) |
|
| Stomach | Ethyl acetate extract hawthorn seeds | 3, 6, and12 mg/kg/oral/4 weeks/rat | ↓BS&MDA
SOD and GPX↑
↑ plasma level and ghrelin gastric expression
↑ nNOS gastric expression c-kit gastric expression ↑
Gastric emptying and small intestinal ↑ propulsion
↑ Body weight | [68] |
|
| Liver | Crataegus aronia | 500 mg/kg/60 days/oral/rat | ↓ BS,HbA1C, OGTT, TG, TC,LDL, VLDL, TBARS, TNF-α&IL-6
↑GSH, SOD, HDL, and hepatic glycogen
↓GLUT-2 and G6Pase hepatic mRNAS
↑IR-A and GK hepatic mRNAS | [59] |
|
| Liver | Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E. Br. | 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 g/kg/4 weeks/oral/rat | ↑ AMPK phosphorylation& HDL-C
PPARs expression↑
↓ PEPCK and glucose production
↓ SREBP-1c, SREBP2, and FAS | [39] |
|
| Pancease | Crataegus monogyna extract | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/ip/3 weeks/rat | ↓ BS and MDA
TAC↑
↓ histopathological alterations | [55] |
|
| Pancease | Crataegus flavonoids | 200 mg/kg/oral/4 weeks/mice | ↑ Serum insulin levels
↑ PDX-1, Mafa and Neurog 3, Ins-1, and Ins-2
↓Appetite
↓ Water intake
↓ OGTT
↓ Histopathological alterations | [55] |
|
| Heart | Hawthorn leaf flavonoids | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/oral/16 weeks/rat | ↓ BS and MDA
↓TNF-α and NF-κB proteins expression
↓ mRNA expression of PKC-α & PKC-α protein
↓ Histopathological changes
SOD ↑ | [81] |
|
| Heart | Crataegus oxyacantha extract | 100 mg/kg/oral/10 weeks/rat | ↑ Body weight
↑ GPx
↓ FBS, CK-MB, and LDH
↓ MPO | [88] |
|
| Aorta | Hawthorn polyphenol extract | 300 mg/kg/oral/4 weeks/rat | ↓ TC, TG, FBS, OGTT, and LPS levels
↑ Insulin level and body weigh
↑ Phosphorylation of GLUT4, IRS1, AKT, and PI3K in liver
↓ TNF-α and IL-6 in serum
↑ Phosphorylation of IRS1 and AKT in skeletal muscle
↓ Protein expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in liver and skeletal muscle
↓ Protein expression of MCP-1 in the liver
Repair of aortic injury via SIRT1/NF-κB/Wnt2/β-catenin pathway
↓ Inflammation and IR (liver): SIRT1/AMPK/NF-κB pathway
↓ Inflammation &IR(skeletal muscle): SIRT1/NF-κB pathway | [95] |
|
| Kidney | Hawthorne leaf flavonoids | 200 mg/kg/oral/12 weeks/rat | ↑ Body weight
↑ SOD and NO
↓ Urine protein concentration
↓ BUN, Cr, TG& MDA levels
↓ p38MPAK protein expression
↓Histopathological changes | [116] |
|
| Brain | Crataegus extract | 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/oral/2 weeks/rat | ↓Cholesterol, TG, and BS
↑ HDL
Improvement of PAL | [24] |
|
